Electrochemical behavior and detection of dopamine and ascorbic acid at an iron (II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine modified carbon paste microelectrode
- Oni, Joshua, Westbroek, Philippe, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Oni, Joshua , Westbroek, Philippe , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290279 , vital:56735 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200390104"
- Description: In this article the electrocatalytic behavior of an iron(II)tetrasulfophthalocyanine modified carbon paste microelectrode for the oxidation of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) is described. Although the oxidation potential of ascorbic acid is shifted by over 100 mV to more positive potentials, no peak separation could be obtained. This can be explained by the immediate homogeneous reduction of the oxidation product of dopamine by ascorbic acid in solution. However, this reaction induces a shift of the half-wave potential as a function of ratio of concentration of dopamine to ascorbic acid (cDA/cAA). Therefore it was possible to determine the cAA and cDA from this potential shift and the experimental peak current. Detection limits of 4.5±0.2×10−7 and 7.5±0.5×10−7 mol L−1 were obtained respectively for dopamine and ascorbic acid for cDA/cAA>0.01.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Oni, Joshua , Westbroek, Philippe , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290279 , vital:56735 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200390104"
- Description: In this article the electrocatalytic behavior of an iron(II)tetrasulfophthalocyanine modified carbon paste microelectrode for the oxidation of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA) is described. Although the oxidation potential of ascorbic acid is shifted by over 100 mV to more positive potentials, no peak separation could be obtained. This can be explained by the immediate homogeneous reduction of the oxidation product of dopamine by ascorbic acid in solution. However, this reaction induces a shift of the half-wave potential as a function of ratio of concentration of dopamine to ascorbic acid (cDA/cAA). Therefore it was possible to determine the cAA and cDA from this potential shift and the experimental peak current. Detection limits of 4.5±0.2×10−7 and 7.5±0.5×10−7 mol L−1 were obtained respectively for dopamine and ascorbic acid for cDA/cAA>0.01.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Revised Schools and Sustainability Pack offers Curriculum Support
- Authors: Olvitt, Lausanne L
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/389852 , vital:68489 , xlink:href="https://eeasa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Bulletin_vol24-_March-2003.pdf"
- Description: Since the mid 1990s, the School Environmental Policy and Management Plan (SEP) Pack has supported educators in developing a whole-school environmental policy. This year, Share-Net has updated the pack in line with the South African revised National Curriculum and the National Environmental Education Programme (NEEP).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Olvitt, Lausanne L
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/389852 , vital:68489 , xlink:href="https://eeasa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Bulletin_vol24-_March-2003.pdf"
- Description: Since the mid 1990s, the School Environmental Policy and Management Plan (SEP) Pack has supported educators in developing a whole-school environmental policy. This year, Share-Net has updated the pack in line with the South African revised National Curriculum and the National Environmental Education Programme (NEEP).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
A comparative normative survey of the isokinetic neck strength of senior elite South African rugby players and schoolboy rugby forwards
- Authors: Olivier, Pierre Emile
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Rugby football -- South Africa -- Physiological aspects , Neck -- Muscles , Muscle strength , Rugby football players -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:11026 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/308 , Rugby football -- South Africa -- Physiological aspects , Neck -- Muscles , Muscle strength , Rugby football players -- South Africa
- Description: The aim of this study was to generate useful isokinetic normative data for various cervical musculature strength, range of motion and ratio variables based on different positional categories in a sample of senior elite South African rugby players. Normative data was generated for the following variables: peak torque, power generated at 0.2 of a second, active and passive range of motion, the ratio of peak torque flexion to peak torque extension (PTF/PTE), the ratio of peak torque lateral flexion left to peak torque lateral flexion right (PTL/PTR), the ratios of peak torque to body weight (PT/BW) and the ratios of peak torque to lean body mass (PT/LBM). Furthermore, the data gathered from the senior elite players was compared to similar data obtained from a sample of schoolboy rugby forwards to detect statistically significant differences (p < .05). A normative survey design was used in which 189 subjects from eight provincial unions participated in a one off evaluation session. The evaluation session comprised of various anthropometrical measurements and an isokinetic cervical musculature assessment. The normative data, displayed in Stanine tables, was generated for four positional categories: the front row (# 1-3), the second row (# 4-5), the back row (# 6-8) and the backline (# 9 -15). The second row positional category performed the best on the peak flexion torque variable (44.04 Nm). The front row positional category achieved the largest average peak extension torque (65.6 Nm). The second row positional category achieved the largest average peak lateral flexion right torque (69.42 Nm). A similar result was observed with the measurement of peak lateral flexion left torque, with the second row positional category achieving the largest average peak lateral flexion left torque (66.31 Nm). The backline positional category achieved the lowest averages on all the abovementioned peak torque variables. The front row positional category performed the best on the flexion power generated at 0.2 of a second variable (160.92 W). The front row positional category again achieved the largest extension power generated at 0.2 of a second average (237.02 W). The second row positional category achieved the largest lateral flexion right power generated at 0.2 of a second average (269.81 W). Similar results were observed with the measurement of lateral flexion left power generated at 0.2 of a second. The second row positional category achieved the largest lateral flexion left power generated at 0.2 of a second average (259.62 W). Again the backline players achieved the smallest power generated at 0.2 of a second averages for all the above-mentioned power variables. The measurement of passive (PROMFE) and active (AROMFE) range of motion for flexion to extension revealed that the second row had the largest average PROMFE (125.44°). The measurement of AROMFE revealed a similar result. The second row again had the largest average AROMFE (108.45°). The measurement of passive (PROMLF) and active (PROMFE) range of motion for lateral flexion left to right revealed smaller and different results to those found for PROMFE and AROMFE. For the variable of PROMLF the backline players had the largest average PROMLF (119.44°). Conversely, the second row had the largest average AROMLF (106.96°). The calculation of the various ratios revealed great variation between the positional categories. This can be attributed to the functional requirements the players have to adhere to, to be successful in their position. Various other statistical calculations were performed to draw the average force distance graphs for the positional categories for the peak torque variables. Furthermore the force distance graphs were assessed to determine the players’ ability to maintain 80% of peak torque. All the senior elite positional categories proved to be significantly (p < .05) older and heavier than the schoolboy forwards. The senior elite forward positional categories were also significantly (p < .05) taller than the schoolboy forward. There however proved to be no significant difference (p > .05) in stature between the backline and schoolboy forwards. All the positional categories proved to have significantly thicker (p < .05) necks, but significantly shorter (p < .05) cervical spines than the schoolboy forwards. The forward positional categories demonstrated to be significantly stronger (p < .05), on all peak torque measures, than the schoolboy forwards. The same was observed between the backline and schoolboy forwards, however no statistically significant difference (p > .05) was observed between the respective sample groups for the measure of peak lateral flexion left torque. For all the measures of power generated at 0.2 of a second, the senior forward positional categories proved to be significantly more powerful (p < .05) than the schoolboy forwards. The senior backline, although significantly more powerful (p < .05) in the flexion movement pattern, proved to be significantly less powerful (p < .05) than the schoolboy forwards in the lateral flexion right movement pattern. No statistically significant differences (p < .05) were found to exist between the senior backline and schoolboy forwards for the extension and lateral flexion left power generated at 0.2 of a second variables. All positional categories proved to have significantly smaller (p < .05) active and passive ranges of motion compared to the schoolboy forwards. Conversely, the senior elite players had significantly larger (p < .05) ratios (PTF/PTE, PTL/PTR, PT/BW and PT/LBM) than the schoolboy forwards. Literature has identified schoolboy rugby as having a much higher incidence of cervical spinal injuries than senior rugby. It can thus be inferred from the above information that the variables of peak torque and power generated at 0.2 of a second play a important role in safeguarding a player from injury on the field of play. Furthermore, calculated ratios show that senior players, especially the forwards, have undergone adaptive changes in cervical musculature strength to meet the requirements of the position they play in, thereby safeguarding themselves from cervical spinal injury. Proper cervical musculature conditioning has been cited in the literature as being an effective but neglected method of preventing cervical spinal injuries. The generation of normative data, concerning cervical musculature performance, can thus be used to prevent the occurrence of cervical injuries and re-injury of the cervical spine by providing a standard of musculature strength for safe participation in rugby, and possibly other collision type sports, and a quantified guide for successful patient rehabilitation respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Olivier, Pierre Emile
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Rugby football -- South Africa -- Physiological aspects , Neck -- Muscles , Muscle strength , Rugby football players -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:11026 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/308 , Rugby football -- South Africa -- Physiological aspects , Neck -- Muscles , Muscle strength , Rugby football players -- South Africa
- Description: The aim of this study was to generate useful isokinetic normative data for various cervical musculature strength, range of motion and ratio variables based on different positional categories in a sample of senior elite South African rugby players. Normative data was generated for the following variables: peak torque, power generated at 0.2 of a second, active and passive range of motion, the ratio of peak torque flexion to peak torque extension (PTF/PTE), the ratio of peak torque lateral flexion left to peak torque lateral flexion right (PTL/PTR), the ratios of peak torque to body weight (PT/BW) and the ratios of peak torque to lean body mass (PT/LBM). Furthermore, the data gathered from the senior elite players was compared to similar data obtained from a sample of schoolboy rugby forwards to detect statistically significant differences (p < .05). A normative survey design was used in which 189 subjects from eight provincial unions participated in a one off evaluation session. The evaluation session comprised of various anthropometrical measurements and an isokinetic cervical musculature assessment. The normative data, displayed in Stanine tables, was generated for four positional categories: the front row (# 1-3), the second row (# 4-5), the back row (# 6-8) and the backline (# 9 -15). The second row positional category performed the best on the peak flexion torque variable (44.04 Nm). The front row positional category achieved the largest average peak extension torque (65.6 Nm). The second row positional category achieved the largest average peak lateral flexion right torque (69.42 Nm). A similar result was observed with the measurement of peak lateral flexion left torque, with the second row positional category achieving the largest average peak lateral flexion left torque (66.31 Nm). The backline positional category achieved the lowest averages on all the abovementioned peak torque variables. The front row positional category performed the best on the flexion power generated at 0.2 of a second variable (160.92 W). The front row positional category again achieved the largest extension power generated at 0.2 of a second average (237.02 W). The second row positional category achieved the largest lateral flexion right power generated at 0.2 of a second average (269.81 W). Similar results were observed with the measurement of lateral flexion left power generated at 0.2 of a second. The second row positional category achieved the largest lateral flexion left power generated at 0.2 of a second average (259.62 W). Again the backline players achieved the smallest power generated at 0.2 of a second averages for all the above-mentioned power variables. The measurement of passive (PROMFE) and active (AROMFE) range of motion for flexion to extension revealed that the second row had the largest average PROMFE (125.44°). The measurement of AROMFE revealed a similar result. The second row again had the largest average AROMFE (108.45°). The measurement of passive (PROMLF) and active (PROMFE) range of motion for lateral flexion left to right revealed smaller and different results to those found for PROMFE and AROMFE. For the variable of PROMLF the backline players had the largest average PROMLF (119.44°). Conversely, the second row had the largest average AROMLF (106.96°). The calculation of the various ratios revealed great variation between the positional categories. This can be attributed to the functional requirements the players have to adhere to, to be successful in their position. Various other statistical calculations were performed to draw the average force distance graphs for the positional categories for the peak torque variables. Furthermore the force distance graphs were assessed to determine the players’ ability to maintain 80% of peak torque. All the senior elite positional categories proved to be significantly (p < .05) older and heavier than the schoolboy forwards. The senior elite forward positional categories were also significantly (p < .05) taller than the schoolboy forward. There however proved to be no significant difference (p > .05) in stature between the backline and schoolboy forwards. All the positional categories proved to have significantly thicker (p < .05) necks, but significantly shorter (p < .05) cervical spines than the schoolboy forwards. The forward positional categories demonstrated to be significantly stronger (p < .05), on all peak torque measures, than the schoolboy forwards. The same was observed between the backline and schoolboy forwards, however no statistically significant difference (p > .05) was observed between the respective sample groups for the measure of peak lateral flexion left torque. For all the measures of power generated at 0.2 of a second, the senior forward positional categories proved to be significantly more powerful (p < .05) than the schoolboy forwards. The senior backline, although significantly more powerful (p < .05) in the flexion movement pattern, proved to be significantly less powerful (p < .05) than the schoolboy forwards in the lateral flexion right movement pattern. No statistically significant differences (p < .05) were found to exist between the senior backline and schoolboy forwards for the extension and lateral flexion left power generated at 0.2 of a second variables. All positional categories proved to have significantly smaller (p < .05) active and passive ranges of motion compared to the schoolboy forwards. Conversely, the senior elite players had significantly larger (p < .05) ratios (PTF/PTE, PTL/PTR, PT/BW and PT/LBM) than the schoolboy forwards. Literature has identified schoolboy rugby as having a much higher incidence of cervical spinal injuries than senior rugby. It can thus be inferred from the above information that the variables of peak torque and power generated at 0.2 of a second play a important role in safeguarding a player from injury on the field of play. Furthermore, calculated ratios show that senior players, especially the forwards, have undergone adaptive changes in cervical musculature strength to meet the requirements of the position they play in, thereby safeguarding themselves from cervical spinal injury. Proper cervical musculature conditioning has been cited in the literature as being an effective but neglected method of preventing cervical spinal injuries. The generation of normative data, concerning cervical musculature performance, can thus be used to prevent the occurrence of cervical injuries and re-injury of the cervical spine by providing a standard of musculature strength for safe participation in rugby, and possibly other collision type sports, and a quantified guide for successful patient rehabilitation respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Solvent effects on the photochemical and fluorescence properties of zinc phthalocyanine derivatives
- Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode, Maree, D, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode , Maree, D , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6586 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004162 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2860(03)00155-8
- Description: The effects of solvents on the singlet oxygen, photobleaching and fluorescence quantum yields for zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and its derivatives; (pyridino)zinc phthalocyanine ((py)ZnPc), zinc octaphenoxyphthalocyanine (ZnOPPc) and zinc octaestronephthalocyanine (ZnOEPc), is presented. The effects of the solvents on the ground state spectra are also discussed. The largest red shift of the Q band was observed in aromatic solvents, the highest shift being observed for 1-chloronaphthalene. Higher singlet fluorescence quantum yields were observed in THF for ZnPc and ZnOPPC. Also in the same solvent phototransformation rather than photobleaching was observed for ZnOPPc. Split Q band in the emission and excitation spectra of ZnOPPc was observed in some solvents and this is explained in terms of the lowering of symmetry following excitation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode , Maree, D , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6586 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004162 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2860(03)00155-8
- Description: The effects of solvents on the singlet oxygen, photobleaching and fluorescence quantum yields for zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and its derivatives; (pyridino)zinc phthalocyanine ((py)ZnPc), zinc octaphenoxyphthalocyanine (ZnOPPc) and zinc octaestronephthalocyanine (ZnOEPc), is presented. The effects of the solvents on the ground state spectra are also discussed. The largest red shift of the Q band was observed in aromatic solvents, the highest shift being observed for 1-chloronaphthalene. Higher singlet fluorescence quantum yields were observed in THF for ZnPc and ZnOPPC. Also in the same solvent phototransformation rather than photobleaching was observed for ZnOPPc. Split Q band in the emission and excitation spectra of ZnOPPc was observed in some solvents and this is explained in terms of the lowering of symmetry following excitation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Molecular characterization of the tetratricopeptide repeat-mediated interactions of murine stress-inducible protein 1 with major heat shock proteins
- Authors: Odunuga, Odutayo Odutola
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Plants -- Effect of stress on Proteins -- Purification Electrophoresis Heat shock proteins
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4091 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007724
- Description: Murine stress-inducible protein 1 (mSTI1) is a co-chaperone that is homologous with the human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)/heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-organizing protein (Hop). The two proteins are homologues of the highly conserved stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1) family of co-chaperones. The STI1 proteins interact directly and simultaneously at some stage, with Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the formation of the hetero-multi-chaperone complexes that facilitate the folding of signal transducing kinases and functional maturation of steroid hormone receptors. The interactions of mSTI1 with both Hsp70 and Hsp90 is mediated by a versatile structural protein-protein interaction motif, the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR). The TPR motif is a degenerate 34-amino acid sequence a-helical structural motif found in a significant number of functionally unrelated proteins. This study was aimed at characterizing the structural and functional determinants in the TPR domains of mSTI1 responsible for binding to and discriminating between Hsp70 and Hsp90. Guided by data from Hop's crystal structures and amino acid sequence alignment analyses, various biochemical techniques were used to both qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the contacts necessary for the N-terminal TPR domain (TPR1) of mSTI1 to bind to the C-terminal EEVD motif of heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) and to discriminate between Hsc70 and Hsp90. Substitutions in the first TPR motif of Lys⁸ or Asn¹² did not affect binding of mSTI1 to Hsc70, while double substitution of these residues abrogated binding. A substitution in the second TPR motif of Asn⁴³ lowered but did not abrogate binding. Similarly, a deletion in the second TPR motif coupled with a substitution of Lys⁸ or Asn¹² reduced but did not abrogate binding. Steady state fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies revealed that the double substitution of Lys⁸ and Asn¹² resulted in perturbations of inter-domain interactions in mSTl1. Together these results suggest that mSTI1-Hsc70 interaction requires a network of electrostatic interactions not only between charged residues in the TPR1 domain of mSTI1 and the EEVD motif of Hsc70, but also outside the TPR1 domain. It is proposed that the electrostatic interactions in the first TPR motif collectively made by Lys⁸ and Asn¹² define part of the minimum interactions required for successful mSTI1-Hsc70 interaction. In the first central TPR domain (TPR1A), single substitution of Lys³°¹ was sufficient to abrogate the mSTI1-Hsp90 interaction. Using a truncated derivative of mSTI1 incapable of binding to Hsp90, residues predicted by crystallographic data to determine Hsp70 binding specificity were substituted in the TPR1 domain. The modified protein had reduced binding to Hsc70, but showed significant binding capacity for Hsp90. In contrast, topologically equivalent substitutions on a truncated derivative of mSTI1 incapable of binding to Hsc70 did not confer Hsc70 specificity on the TPR2A domain. These data suggest that binding of Hsc70 to the TPR1 domain is more specific than binding of Hsp90 to the TPR2A domain. In addition, residues C-terminal of helix A in the second TPR motif of mSTI1 were shown to be important in determining specific binding to Hsc70. Binding assays using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed that the affinities of binding of mSTI1 to Hsc70 and Hsp90 were 2 μM and 1.5 μM respectively. Preliminary in vivo studies revealed differences in the dynamics of binding of endogenous and exogenous recombinant mSTI1 with Hsc70 and Hsp90. The outcome of this study poses serious implications for the mechanisms of mSTI1 interactions with Hsc70 and Hsp90 in the cell.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Odunuga, Odutayo Odutola
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Plants -- Effect of stress on Proteins -- Purification Electrophoresis Heat shock proteins
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4091 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007724
- Description: Murine stress-inducible protein 1 (mSTI1) is a co-chaperone that is homologous with the human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)/heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-organizing protein (Hop). The two proteins are homologues of the highly conserved stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1) family of co-chaperones. The STI1 proteins interact directly and simultaneously at some stage, with Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the formation of the hetero-multi-chaperone complexes that facilitate the folding of signal transducing kinases and functional maturation of steroid hormone receptors. The interactions of mSTI1 with both Hsp70 and Hsp90 is mediated by a versatile structural protein-protein interaction motif, the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR). The TPR motif is a degenerate 34-amino acid sequence a-helical structural motif found in a significant number of functionally unrelated proteins. This study was aimed at characterizing the structural and functional determinants in the TPR domains of mSTI1 responsible for binding to and discriminating between Hsp70 and Hsp90. Guided by data from Hop's crystal structures and amino acid sequence alignment analyses, various biochemical techniques were used to both qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the contacts necessary for the N-terminal TPR domain (TPR1) of mSTI1 to bind to the C-terminal EEVD motif of heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) and to discriminate between Hsc70 and Hsp90. Substitutions in the first TPR motif of Lys⁸ or Asn¹² did not affect binding of mSTI1 to Hsc70, while double substitution of these residues abrogated binding. A substitution in the second TPR motif of Asn⁴³ lowered but did not abrogate binding. Similarly, a deletion in the second TPR motif coupled with a substitution of Lys⁸ or Asn¹² reduced but did not abrogate binding. Steady state fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies revealed that the double substitution of Lys⁸ and Asn¹² resulted in perturbations of inter-domain interactions in mSTl1. Together these results suggest that mSTI1-Hsc70 interaction requires a network of electrostatic interactions not only between charged residues in the TPR1 domain of mSTI1 and the EEVD motif of Hsc70, but also outside the TPR1 domain. It is proposed that the electrostatic interactions in the first TPR motif collectively made by Lys⁸ and Asn¹² define part of the minimum interactions required for successful mSTI1-Hsc70 interaction. In the first central TPR domain (TPR1A), single substitution of Lys³°¹ was sufficient to abrogate the mSTI1-Hsp90 interaction. Using a truncated derivative of mSTI1 incapable of binding to Hsp90, residues predicted by crystallographic data to determine Hsp70 binding specificity were substituted in the TPR1 domain. The modified protein had reduced binding to Hsc70, but showed significant binding capacity for Hsp90. In contrast, topologically equivalent substitutions on a truncated derivative of mSTI1 incapable of binding to Hsc70 did not confer Hsc70 specificity on the TPR2A domain. These data suggest that binding of Hsc70 to the TPR1 domain is more specific than binding of Hsp90 to the TPR2A domain. In addition, residues C-terminal of helix A in the second TPR motif of mSTI1 were shown to be important in determining specific binding to Hsc70. Binding assays using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed that the affinities of binding of mSTI1 to Hsc70 and Hsp90 were 2 μM and 1.5 μM respectively. Preliminary in vivo studies revealed differences in the dynamics of binding of endogenous and exogenous recombinant mSTI1 with Hsc70 and Hsp90. The outcome of this study poses serious implications for the mechanisms of mSTI1 interactions with Hsc70 and Hsp90 in the cell.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Politics of asylum : sovereign considerations in the multilateral and humanitarian practices of refugee protection in post-apartheid South Africa
- Authors: Oduba, Victor
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2870 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007725 , Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Description: Most scholars claim that international human rights norms embodied in formal international declarations and treaties have an important impact on domestic political interests and governmental practices. This reasoning about the impact of global human rights is often applied to the post-apartheid South African immigration and refugee policies. While I acknowledge that the ratification of United Nations Conventions on refugees has altered the traditional sovereignty considerations of South Africa towards asylum seekers, I take issue with the claims that South African refugee and asylum policies are primarily motivated and based on humanitarian considerations. Instead, I argue that these policies are based on sovereign considerations and strategic foreign policy interests. As a result this sovereign interests of South Africa to study has sought to demonstrate that largely explain decisions on the part accept or reject refugees. Although norms diffusion, international advocacy networks, and prestige factors have made a big impact, in practice the refugee policy has continued to reflect South Africa's strategic interests and domestic considerations at all levels. However, I have not argued that South Africa should overlook its national and foreign interests and abide by international human rights norms regardless of the cost of doing so. I have only sought to demonstrate that refugee protection is more when powerful national interests find it conducive to manage the destabilizing refugee flows.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Oduba, Victor
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2870 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007725 , Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Description: Most scholars claim that international human rights norms embodied in formal international declarations and treaties have an important impact on domestic political interests and governmental practices. This reasoning about the impact of global human rights is often applied to the post-apartheid South African immigration and refugee policies. While I acknowledge that the ratification of United Nations Conventions on refugees has altered the traditional sovereignty considerations of South Africa towards asylum seekers, I take issue with the claims that South African refugee and asylum policies are primarily motivated and based on humanitarian considerations. Instead, I argue that these policies are based on sovereign considerations and strategic foreign policy interests. As a result this sovereign interests of South Africa to study has sought to demonstrate that largely explain decisions on the part accept or reject refugees. Although norms diffusion, international advocacy networks, and prestige factors have made a big impact, in practice the refugee policy has continued to reflect South Africa's strategic interests and domestic considerations at all levels. However, I have not argued that South Africa should overlook its national and foreign interests and abide by international human rights norms regardless of the cost of doing so. I have only sought to demonstrate that refugee protection is more when powerful national interests find it conducive to manage the destabilizing refugee flows.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Synthesis, spectral and electrochemical properties of a new family of pyrrole substituted cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc phthalocyanine complexes
- Obirai, Joe, Rodrigues, Nazaré Pereira, Bedioui, Fethi, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Obirai, Joe , Rodrigues, Nazaré Pereira , Bedioui, Fethi , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/304852 , vital:58496 , xlink:href="https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1142/S1088424603000641"
- Description: A new family of pyrrole substituted metallophthalocyanine complexes, namely cobalt(II), iron(II), manganese(III), nickel(II) and zinc(II) tetrakis-4-(pyrrol-1-yl)phenoxy phthalocyanines (noted as M(TPhPyrPc), where M is the metallic cation) have been synthesized and fully characterized. In particular, the UV-visible spectra of the iron and nickel complexes showed extensive aggregation even at low concentrations. The cyclic voltammetry of the cobalt, iron and manganese complexes showed three to four redox couples assigned to metal and ring based processes. Spectroelectrochemistry of the manganese derivative confirmed that the synthesized complex is MnIII(TPhPyrPc-2) and that the reduction of MnII(TPhPyrPc-2) to be centred on the ring and rather than on the metal, forming the MnII(TPhPyrPc-4) species. Also, the electrochemical polymerization of these newly synthesized pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines has been demonstrated in the case of the cobalt complex and the electrocatalytic activity of the obtained film has been tested towards the oxidation of L-cysteine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Obirai, Joe , Rodrigues, Nazaré Pereira , Bedioui, Fethi , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/304852 , vital:58496 , xlink:href="https://0-doi.org.wam.seals.ac.za/10.1142/S1088424603000641"
- Description: A new family of pyrrole substituted metallophthalocyanine complexes, namely cobalt(II), iron(II), manganese(III), nickel(II) and zinc(II) tetrakis-4-(pyrrol-1-yl)phenoxy phthalocyanines (noted as M(TPhPyrPc), where M is the metallic cation) have been synthesized and fully characterized. In particular, the UV-visible spectra of the iron and nickel complexes showed extensive aggregation even at low concentrations. The cyclic voltammetry of the cobalt, iron and manganese complexes showed three to four redox couples assigned to metal and ring based processes. Spectroelectrochemistry of the manganese derivative confirmed that the synthesized complex is MnIII(TPhPyrPc-2) and that the reduction of MnII(TPhPyrPc-2) to be centred on the ring and rather than on the metal, forming the MnII(TPhPyrPc-4) species. Also, the electrochemical polymerization of these newly synthesized pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines has been demonstrated in the case of the cobalt complex and the electrocatalytic activity of the obtained film has been tested towards the oxidation of L-cysteine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Personality traits of patients participating in a group programme at a private psychiatric day clinic
- Authors: Oakes, Elizabeth Jean
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Personality assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , NEO Personality Inventory -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Psychotherapy -- Outcome assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:11028 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/331 , Personality assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , NEO Personality Inventory -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Psychotherapy -- Outcome assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The current trend in psychiatric health care is towards comprehensive primary healthcare for all South Africans. This has been has been achieved by the restructuring of the National Health System (NHS) into national, provincial, district, and community levels, which provide outpatient and inpatient care at primary, secondary, and tertiary care levels. Assessment and treatment in the form of physical and psychosocial interventions form an integral part of psychiatric care. The value of personality assessment and, in particular, the potential for matching patient personality types with effective treatment options, may play a role in facilitating effective health care in the future. An overview of the literature indicates that little research has been done regarding the area of personality traits of psychiatric patients in South Africa. This study aims to explore and describe the personality traits or profile of individuals attending a private psychiatric day care facility in The Nelson Mandela Metropole (i.e., Parkwood Day Clinic). The sample consisted of 196 participants (104 male and 92 female) who attended a group programme from April 2000 to April 2001. As part of the programme, patients were required to com plete a series of pencil-and-paper measures. The questionnaires selected for this study included a biographical questionnaire, which was used to describe the biographical variables of the sample with regard to gender, age and marital status, and The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) (Costa & McCrae, 1992a), which was used as a measure of personality. The NEO PI-R is considered a concise measure of the five major domains of personality and some of the more important traits that define each domain. Together, the five domains Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), Openness (O), Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C), and the six facets within each domain, allow for a comprehensive assessment of adult personality. xiv An exploratory, descriptive method was used in the study, and the data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlations, cluster analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. Key findings include the following: Results from the NEO PI-R domains showed a personality profile of very high scores for N, and average scores for E, O, A, and C. Within the sample, cluster analysis revealed five distinct personality profile clusters. For the biographical variable gender, significant differences were found between males and females on N, with the majority of males scoring in the category of Very High and High, and the majority of females scoring in the Average category. For the variable age, the results indicated significant differences on A, with participants in the young adulthood group scoring significantly lower on A than participants in the middle adulthood group. For marital status, on the domain of O, significant differences were found between the divorced or widowed and the married, with the married scoring in the Low category and the divorced or widowed in the Average category. On the domain of C, significant differences were noted between the singles group and the currently or previously married groups, with the single group tending to score lower on C than both other groups. These findings reveal a need for further research into personality traits and psychiatric samples, as consideration of personality traits based on the profile established, may be useful in matching patients’ characteristics with optimal treatment options.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Oakes, Elizabeth Jean
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Personality assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , NEO Personality Inventory -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Psychotherapy -- Outcome assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:11028 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/331 , Personality assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , NEO Personality Inventory -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Psychotherapy -- Outcome assessment -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The current trend in psychiatric health care is towards comprehensive primary healthcare for all South Africans. This has been has been achieved by the restructuring of the National Health System (NHS) into national, provincial, district, and community levels, which provide outpatient and inpatient care at primary, secondary, and tertiary care levels. Assessment and treatment in the form of physical and psychosocial interventions form an integral part of psychiatric care. The value of personality assessment and, in particular, the potential for matching patient personality types with effective treatment options, may play a role in facilitating effective health care in the future. An overview of the literature indicates that little research has been done regarding the area of personality traits of psychiatric patients in South Africa. This study aims to explore and describe the personality traits or profile of individuals attending a private psychiatric day care facility in The Nelson Mandela Metropole (i.e., Parkwood Day Clinic). The sample consisted of 196 participants (104 male and 92 female) who attended a group programme from April 2000 to April 2001. As part of the programme, patients were required to com plete a series of pencil-and-paper measures. The questionnaires selected for this study included a biographical questionnaire, which was used to describe the biographical variables of the sample with regard to gender, age and marital status, and The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) (Costa & McCrae, 1992a), which was used as a measure of personality. The NEO PI-R is considered a concise measure of the five major domains of personality and some of the more important traits that define each domain. Together, the five domains Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), Openness (O), Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C), and the six facets within each domain, allow for a comprehensive assessment of adult personality. xiv An exploratory, descriptive method was used in the study, and the data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlations, cluster analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. Key findings include the following: Results from the NEO PI-R domains showed a personality profile of very high scores for N, and average scores for E, O, A, and C. Within the sample, cluster analysis revealed five distinct personality profile clusters. For the biographical variable gender, significant differences were found between males and females on N, with the majority of males scoring in the category of Very High and High, and the majority of females scoring in the Average category. For the variable age, the results indicated significant differences on A, with participants in the young adulthood group scoring significantly lower on A than participants in the middle adulthood group. For marital status, on the domain of O, significant differences were found between the divorced or widowed and the married, with the married scoring in the Low category and the divorced or widowed in the Average category. On the domain of C, significant differences were noted between the singles group and the currently or previously married groups, with the single group tending to score lower on C than both other groups. These findings reveal a need for further research into personality traits and psychiatric samples, as consideration of personality traits based on the profile established, may be useful in matching patients’ characteristics with optimal treatment options.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Phthalocyanines and related complexes as electrocatalysts for the detection of nitric oxide
- Nyokong, Tebello, Vilakazi, Sibulelo
- Authors: Nyokong, Tebello , Vilakazi, Sibulelo
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290346 , vital:56741 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00356-4"
- Description: Metallophthalocyanine (MPc) and metalloporphyrin complexes as well as some metalloproteins including myoglobin, hemoglobin, cyanocobalamin and cytochrome c catalyse the detection of nitric oxide (NO). The catalytic process often involve changes in the oxidation state of the catalyst. These complexes catalyse both the reduction and oxidation of NO. MPc complexes containing electroactive central metals such as CoPc and FePc generally show better catalytic activity towards the detection of NO than complexes containing electroinacive central metals. However, the involvement of ring based redox processes was confirmed for the homogenous NO catalysis using CoPc.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Nyokong, Tebello , Vilakazi, Sibulelo
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290346 , vital:56741 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(03)00356-4"
- Description: Metallophthalocyanine (MPc) and metalloporphyrin complexes as well as some metalloproteins including myoglobin, hemoglobin, cyanocobalamin and cytochrome c catalyse the detection of nitric oxide (NO). The catalytic process often involve changes in the oxidation state of the catalyst. These complexes catalyse both the reduction and oxidation of NO. MPc complexes containing electroactive central metals such as CoPc and FePc generally show better catalytic activity towards the detection of NO than complexes containing electroinacive central metals. However, the involvement of ring based redox processes was confirmed for the homogenous NO catalysis using CoPc.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The regulation of domain name disputes in South Africa
- Authors: Nyachowe, Pasno N
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Trademarks -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Dispute resolution (Law) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:11050 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/351 , Trademarks -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Dispute resolution (Law) -- South Africa
- Description: This treatise provides an overview of the procedures for the registration, regulation and protection of Internet domain names. An analysis of legal rules applicable to domain names and problems related to the protection of domain names in South Africa, United State, United Kingdom and internationally is undertaken. The problems includes cybersquatting, misuse of personal names, reverse domain hijacking, misuse of meta tags and keywords. The treatise established possible solutions applicable to South Africa by investigating how other countries have dealt with such problems, and further investigated the extent to which South African legislation is suited to deal with such problems. An investigation of the regulation in terms of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 is briefly attempted, and proposals for the future on the South African domain name system suggested.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Nyachowe, Pasno N
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Trademarks -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Dispute resolution (Law) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:11050 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/351 , Trademarks -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation , Internet domain names -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Dispute resolution (Law) -- South Africa
- Description: This treatise provides an overview of the procedures for the registration, regulation and protection of Internet domain names. An analysis of legal rules applicable to domain names and problems related to the protection of domain names in South Africa, United State, United Kingdom and internationally is undertaken. The problems includes cybersquatting, misuse of personal names, reverse domain hijacking, misuse of meta tags and keywords. The treatise established possible solutions applicable to South Africa by investigating how other countries have dealt with such problems, and further investigated the extent to which South African legislation is suited to deal with such problems. An investigation of the regulation in terms of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 is briefly attempted, and proposals for the future on the South African domain name system suggested.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Structures and struggles of rural local government in South Africa: the case of traditional authorities in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Ntsebeza, Lungisile
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Tribal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Political leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Tribal government -- South Africa -- History South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003092
- Description: This thesis is about the political implications of the constitutional recognition of the hereditary institution of traditional leadership in post-1994 South Africa for the democratization process in the rural areas of the former Bantustans. The thesis is organized around three related conceptual, historical and political questions. The conceptual question deals with the meaning of democracy in rural areas under the jurisdiction of traditional authorities. The historical question traces how the institution and traditional authorities have survived to the present post-colonial period. Lastly, this study investigates the political issue of why an ANC-led government came to recognize the institution. The focus of the thesis is the sphere of rural local government in the Xhalanga district, where these issues are best illustrated. The thesis argues that the institution of traditional leadership and its officials survived precisely because they were incorporated into the colonial and apartheid administrative structures in the project of indirect rule. Traditional authorities were central to the apartheid policy of retribalisation, which was essentially a form of control of Africans in the Bantustans. Rural residents engaged in fierce struggles against the imposition of rural local government structures such as the District Council and Tribal Authorities. In so far as traditional authorities were part of government structures, they could not avoid being targets in these struggles. In explaining the recognition of the institution of traditional leadership, the thesis focuses on the policies of the ANC, the majority party in the Government of National Unity, towards traditional authorities. Organisationally weak on the rural grounds, the ANC operated through what they considered to be “good/progressive/comrade chiefs”. The ANC had hoped that these traditional authorities would accept a non-political ceremonial role. However, traditional authorities have rejected this ceremonial role. Their refusal, coupled with the ANC’s ambivalence in resolving the tension imply, the study concludes, that the (political) citizenship rights of rural people are partial: they are neither citizens nor subjects.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Ntsebeza, Lungisile
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Tribal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Political leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Tribal government -- South Africa -- History South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003092
- Description: This thesis is about the political implications of the constitutional recognition of the hereditary institution of traditional leadership in post-1994 South Africa for the democratization process in the rural areas of the former Bantustans. The thesis is organized around three related conceptual, historical and political questions. The conceptual question deals with the meaning of democracy in rural areas under the jurisdiction of traditional authorities. The historical question traces how the institution and traditional authorities have survived to the present post-colonial period. Lastly, this study investigates the political issue of why an ANC-led government came to recognize the institution. The focus of the thesis is the sphere of rural local government in the Xhalanga district, where these issues are best illustrated. The thesis argues that the institution of traditional leadership and its officials survived precisely because they were incorporated into the colonial and apartheid administrative structures in the project of indirect rule. Traditional authorities were central to the apartheid policy of retribalisation, which was essentially a form of control of Africans in the Bantustans. Rural residents engaged in fierce struggles against the imposition of rural local government structures such as the District Council and Tribal Authorities. In so far as traditional authorities were part of government structures, they could not avoid being targets in these struggles. In explaining the recognition of the institution of traditional leadership, the thesis focuses on the policies of the ANC, the majority party in the Government of National Unity, towards traditional authorities. Organisationally weak on the rural grounds, the ANC operated through what they considered to be “good/progressive/comrade chiefs”. The ANC had hoped that these traditional authorities would accept a non-political ceremonial role. However, traditional authorities have rejected this ceremonial role. Their refusal, coupled with the ANC’s ambivalence in resolving the tension imply, the study concludes, that the (political) citizenship rights of rural people are partial: they are neither citizens nor subjects.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Patterns of early adolescent sex and implications for HIV/AIDS risk prevention : a contextual study in the Amatole Basin, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Ntlabati, Pumla L
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Teenagers -- Sexual behavior , Teenagers -- Health and hygiene -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teenagers -- Diseases -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sexually transmitted diseases -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) in adolescence -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Attitudes , AIDS (Disease) -- Prevention -- South Africa --Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3176 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007814
- Description: This study involves an analysis of accounts of first and subsequent early sexual experiences in a deep rural area of the Eastern Cape in South Africa over the last forty years. Through interviews and focus group discussions, the enculturation of youth into sexual activity in the community of interest is explored. The study looks into sexual experiences from childhood, through early adolescence to adults of up to sixty five years old, allowing an analysis of the changing forms of sexual experimentation and sexual debut in this context. Contextual factors mediating these changes are explored, with special emphasis on the changing regulatory practices around early sexual experiences and the effect thereof on behaviors connected to HIV infection risk. Practices that were previously important mediators of sexual behavior were: anxiety about the social consequences of pregnancy, which was previously a significant disincentive to sexual intercourse; men's previous acceptance of the need to practice non-penetrative forms of sex and girls postponing sexual debut for as long as possible. All these were culturally endorsed, but are now noted to have changed due to changes in the regulatory practices surrounding youth sexuality. The context of early sexual experiences and the surrounding cultural practices have also changed significantly, and this needs to be taken into account in understanding receptivity to condom use messages. Implications for HIV/AIDS prevention are discussed. Among other interventions, the study describes a participatory, community-based, multi-sectoral approach that takes social conditions into account as a way of empowering the community to strengthen its response to the pandemic. This incorporates different sectors of the community, including youth, parents, religious and traditional leaders, and various other structures, services and institutions that make up the community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Ntlabati, Pumla L
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Teenagers -- Sexual behavior , Teenagers -- Health and hygiene -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teenagers -- Diseases -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sexually transmitted diseases -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) in adolescence -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Attitudes , AIDS (Disease) -- Prevention -- South Africa --Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3176 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007814
- Description: This study involves an analysis of accounts of first and subsequent early sexual experiences in a deep rural area of the Eastern Cape in South Africa over the last forty years. Through interviews and focus group discussions, the enculturation of youth into sexual activity in the community of interest is explored. The study looks into sexual experiences from childhood, through early adolescence to adults of up to sixty five years old, allowing an analysis of the changing forms of sexual experimentation and sexual debut in this context. Contextual factors mediating these changes are explored, with special emphasis on the changing regulatory practices around early sexual experiences and the effect thereof on behaviors connected to HIV infection risk. Practices that were previously important mediators of sexual behavior were: anxiety about the social consequences of pregnancy, which was previously a significant disincentive to sexual intercourse; men's previous acceptance of the need to practice non-penetrative forms of sex and girls postponing sexual debut for as long as possible. All these were culturally endorsed, but are now noted to have changed due to changes in the regulatory practices surrounding youth sexuality. The context of early sexual experiences and the surrounding cultural practices have also changed significantly, and this needs to be taken into account in understanding receptivity to condom use messages. Implications for HIV/AIDS prevention are discussed. Among other interventions, the study describes a participatory, community-based, multi-sectoral approach that takes social conditions into account as a way of empowering the community to strengthen its response to the pandemic. This incorporates different sectors of the community, including youth, parents, religious and traditional leaders, and various other structures, services and institutions that make up the community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Symplasmic pathway in phloem loading and unloading in source and sink leaves of Zea mays L. as evidenced under normal and elevated CO₂ conditions
- Authors: Nogemane, Noluyolo
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Phloem , Plant translocation , Plant cells and tissues , Corn -- Metabolsim
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4254 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007813
- Description: Zea mays plants kept at ambient (ca 375ppm) and elevated CO₂ (ca 650 to 700ppm) were used to examine the possibility of a symplasmic loading, unloading and transport pathway in dark-adapted and illuminated (200μmolm⁻²sec⁻¹ ) sink and source leaves. 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate was introduced into the mesophyll cells and symplasmic transfer observed 3h after application. In sink and source leaves exposed to ambient CO₂ and illuminated at 200 molm-2sec-1, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 3cm from the point of application, while in dark-adapted plants, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 1cm from the point of application. Under elevated CO₂ conditions the fluorescence front in illuminated plants appeared to transport faster moving approximately 5cm from the point of application, and in dark-adapted plants, only 3cm from the point of application. Based on the increase in 5,6-CF accumulation under elevated CO₂ conditions, the present study suggests that there was an increase in capacity for assimilate loading and transport under elevated CO₂ conditions. In source leaves, 5,6-CFDA was taken up into the mesophyll cells, loaded symplasmically and transported basipetally. In sink leaves 5,6- CFDA was taken up from basal mesophyll and after symplasmic loading, was transported acropetally where it was offloaded into the younger immature sink region. Transport in the sieve tubes was confirmed by using aniline blue, which was applied 3h after 5,6-CF transport. Aniline blue coupled with 5,6-CF transport studies showed that the sieve tubes of both cross and longitudinal veins are involved in symplasmic unloading, loading and transport processes in sink and source leaves. Apoplasmic uptake of 5,6-CFDA by cut leaves showed that after apoplasmic transport via the transpiration stream, 5,6-CFDA was offioaded to the xylem parenchyma where it was metabolically cleaved , releasing fluorescent 5,6-CF into the xylem parenchyma. Transverse sections cut after 3h of uptake were observed after 120 and 180 min suggesting that a retrieval of solutes occurs from the xylem to the xylem parenchyma, bundle sheath, phloem parenchyma and to the th in-walled sieve tubes. It was not possible to determine if the thick-walled sieve tubes were involved or if they took up 5,6-CF. Given the available data on loading and offioading of assimilates in sink and source leaves respectively, this study demonstrated that a slow symplasmic pathway exists from the mesophyll to the phloem, and that offloading from the phloem in sink leaves can occur via a symplasmic route.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Nogemane, Noluyolo
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Phloem , Plant translocation , Plant cells and tissues , Corn -- Metabolsim
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4254 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007813
- Description: Zea mays plants kept at ambient (ca 375ppm) and elevated CO₂ (ca 650 to 700ppm) were used to examine the possibility of a symplasmic loading, unloading and transport pathway in dark-adapted and illuminated (200μmolm⁻²sec⁻¹ ) sink and source leaves. 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate was introduced into the mesophyll cells and symplasmic transfer observed 3h after application. In sink and source leaves exposed to ambient CO₂ and illuminated at 200 molm-2sec-1, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 3cm from the point of application, while in dark-adapted plants, the fluorescence front was observed approximately 1cm from the point of application. Under elevated CO₂ conditions the fluorescence front in illuminated plants appeared to transport faster moving approximately 5cm from the point of application, and in dark-adapted plants, only 3cm from the point of application. Based on the increase in 5,6-CF accumulation under elevated CO₂ conditions, the present study suggests that there was an increase in capacity for assimilate loading and transport under elevated CO₂ conditions. In source leaves, 5,6-CFDA was taken up into the mesophyll cells, loaded symplasmically and transported basipetally. In sink leaves 5,6- CFDA was taken up from basal mesophyll and after symplasmic loading, was transported acropetally where it was offloaded into the younger immature sink region. Transport in the sieve tubes was confirmed by using aniline blue, which was applied 3h after 5,6-CF transport. Aniline blue coupled with 5,6-CF transport studies showed that the sieve tubes of both cross and longitudinal veins are involved in symplasmic unloading, loading and transport processes in sink and source leaves. Apoplasmic uptake of 5,6-CFDA by cut leaves showed that after apoplasmic transport via the transpiration stream, 5,6-CFDA was offioaded to the xylem parenchyma where it was metabolically cleaved , releasing fluorescent 5,6-CF into the xylem parenchyma. Transverse sections cut after 3h of uptake were observed after 120 and 180 min suggesting that a retrieval of solutes occurs from the xylem to the xylem parenchyma, bundle sheath, phloem parenchyma and to the th in-walled sieve tubes. It was not possible to determine if the thick-walled sieve tubes were involved or if they took up 5,6-CF. Given the available data on loading and offioading of assimilates in sink and source leaves respectively, this study demonstrated that a slow symplasmic pathway exists from the mesophyll to the phloem, and that offloading from the phloem in sink leaves can occur via a symplasmic route.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
An investigation into the executive mayoral system, with reference to the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality
- Authors: Nkayitshana, Zweledinga
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mayors -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Local government -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech (Public Management)
- Identifier: vital:10775 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/246 , Mayors -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Local government -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: In this mini-dissertation, a study is undertaken for an investigation into the Executive Mayoral System with reference to the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. The mini-dissertation comprises of five chapters. The study is based on the assumption that the introduction of an executive mayoral system will enhance the decision-making and policy-making processes at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. This is also based on the assumption that all local authorities and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality in particular are faced with challenges of developmental local government. The Executive Mayoral System, therefore, is expected to provide possible solutions and avenues to promote and improve socio-economic development and service delivery to strengthen the local tax base. Another challenging aspect is the capacity building for the staff members of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality especially the Executive Mayor who has all the powers vested in him. The main objectives of the research include, inter alia, to provide a brief theoretical background explanation regarding the reasons for the existence of local authorities and restructuring of local government in South Africa. To investigate and report on the implementation of the new mandate for local government with reference to the Executive Mayoral System at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. To investigate whether the Executive Mayoral System at the NMMM will contribute towards efficient and effective service delivery. This will be followed by the impact of the Metropole to promote and encourage community involvement on all the programmes of the municipality. This investigation will ensure that the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality provides conducive environment for socio-economic development and achieve the national economic strategy under Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) policy. To bring about experiences from other countries and learn from those experiences based on their approach to the Executive Mayoral System. An overview of the legislative framework and an explanation of selected policies for the Executive Mayoral System are made. Finally, a number of conclusions that were arrived during the study, followed by various recommendations are made. These are based on the qualitative research analysis in order to come up with solutions of ensuring sustainable service delivery with the Executive Mayoral System.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Nkayitshana, Zweledinga
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mayors -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Local government -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech (Public Management)
- Identifier: vital:10775 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/246 , Mayors -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Local government -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: In this mini-dissertation, a study is undertaken for an investigation into the Executive Mayoral System with reference to the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. The mini-dissertation comprises of five chapters. The study is based on the assumption that the introduction of an executive mayoral system will enhance the decision-making and policy-making processes at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. This is also based on the assumption that all local authorities and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality in particular are faced with challenges of developmental local government. The Executive Mayoral System, therefore, is expected to provide possible solutions and avenues to promote and improve socio-economic development and service delivery to strengthen the local tax base. Another challenging aspect is the capacity building for the staff members of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality especially the Executive Mayor who has all the powers vested in him. The main objectives of the research include, inter alia, to provide a brief theoretical background explanation regarding the reasons for the existence of local authorities and restructuring of local government in South Africa. To investigate and report on the implementation of the new mandate for local government with reference to the Executive Mayoral System at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. To investigate whether the Executive Mayoral System at the NMMM will contribute towards efficient and effective service delivery. This will be followed by the impact of the Metropole to promote and encourage community involvement on all the programmes of the municipality. This investigation will ensure that the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality provides conducive environment for socio-economic development and achieve the national economic strategy under Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) policy. To bring about experiences from other countries and learn from those experiences based on their approach to the Executive Mayoral System. An overview of the legislative framework and an explanation of selected policies for the Executive Mayoral System are made. Finally, a number of conclusions that were arrived during the study, followed by various recommendations are made. These are based on the qualitative research analysis in order to come up with solutions of ensuring sustainable service delivery with the Executive Mayoral System.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The ibali of Nongqawuse: translating the oral tradition into visual expression
- Authors: Nhlangwini, Andrew Pandheni
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Nongqawuse, 1841-1898 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Oral tradition -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Oral history -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Art -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech (Fine Art)
- Identifier: vital:10761 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/237 , Nongqawuse, 1841-1898 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Oral tradition -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Oral history -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Art -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The tribal life and the oral traditions of black South Africans have been marginalized. The consequence of the western civilization and the apartheid regime forced people to do away from their traditional heritage and culture; they adopted the western way of life. They buried their oral tradition and only a little has survived. To save the dying culture of the art of the oral tradition we need to go out and record and document the surviving oral tradition as soon as possible. Since the art of the oral tradition is an art form conducted by an artist, it may be possible to tell the ibali likaNongqawuse by means of visual imagery. Visual images can be read and be understood easily by the public because visual forms, sings, images can make up a language for both the literate as well as the illiterate.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Nhlangwini, Andrew Pandheni
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Nongqawuse, 1841-1898 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Oral tradition -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Oral history -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Art -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech (Fine Art)
- Identifier: vital:10761 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/237 , Nongqawuse, 1841-1898 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Oral tradition -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Oral history -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Art -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The tribal life and the oral traditions of black South Africans have been marginalized. The consequence of the western civilization and the apartheid regime forced people to do away from their traditional heritage and culture; they adopted the western way of life. They buried their oral tradition and only a little has survived. To save the dying culture of the art of the oral tradition we need to go out and record and document the surviving oral tradition as soon as possible. Since the art of the oral tradition is an art form conducted by an artist, it may be possible to tell the ibali likaNongqawuse by means of visual imagery. Visual images can be read and be understood easily by the public because visual forms, sings, images can make up a language for both the literate as well as the illiterate.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Non-payment of municipal rates and service charges with reference to the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan municipality
- Authors: Ngxongo, Malusi
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Collecting of accounts , Municipal default -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Public utilities -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech (Public Management)
- Identifier: vital:10772 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/258 , Collecting of accounts , Municipal default -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Public utilities -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The local government sphere is comprised of municipalities whose functions include the provision of consumer services. A substantial portion of municipal revenue, which is also used for service provision, is derived from rates and service charges. Through the billing process, the municipality stipulates the amount due to be paid by each account holder. In the case of rates and consumer tariffs, this usually occurs on a monthly basis. Towards the end of 2002, overdue rates and service charges in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality amounted to over R800 million. In spite of various attempts undertaken by the municipality to collect overdue amounts, some residents are struggling to pay. Various reasons have been advanced for this scenario. However non-payment of rates and service charges has a negative impact on municipal budget and service delivery. Probably, if alternatives to the current credit control and revenue collection processes could be found, non-payment of rates and service charges could be eliminated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Ngxongo, Malusi
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Collecting of accounts , Municipal default -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Public utilities -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech (Public Management)
- Identifier: vital:10772 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/258 , Collecting of accounts , Municipal default -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Public utilities -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: The local government sphere is comprised of municipalities whose functions include the provision of consumer services. A substantial portion of municipal revenue, which is also used for service provision, is derived from rates and service charges. Through the billing process, the municipality stipulates the amount due to be paid by each account holder. In the case of rates and consumer tariffs, this usually occurs on a monthly basis. Towards the end of 2002, overdue rates and service charges in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality amounted to over R800 million. In spite of various attempts undertaken by the municipality to collect overdue amounts, some residents are struggling to pay. Various reasons have been advanced for this scenario. However non-payment of rates and service charges has a negative impact on municipal budget and service delivery. Probably, if alternatives to the current credit control and revenue collection processes could be found, non-payment of rates and service charges could be eliminated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Judicial enforcement of socio-economic rights under the 1996 constitution : realising the vision of social justice
- Authors: Ngcukaitobi, T
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: South Africa. Constitution , South Africa. Bill of Rights , Civil rights -- South Africa , Human rights -- South Africa , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1994- , South Africa -- Economic conditions -- 1991- , South Africa -- Social conditions -- 1994-
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3689 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003204 , South Africa. Constitution , South Africa. Bill of Rights , Civil rights -- South Africa , Human rights -- South Africa , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1994- , South Africa -- Economic conditions -- 1991- , South Africa -- Social conditions -- 1994-
- Description: Few legal developments in South Africa and elsewhere in the world in recent times have excited such controversy as the legal recognition of social and economic rights. South Africa has created a special place for itself in world affairs for being one of the countries that recognise socio-economic rights in a justiciable Bill of Rights. Partly this is in response to the appalling levels of poverty prevalent in the country which could potentially destabilise the new democracy. Improvement of the quality of life of every citizen is a crucial step in consolidating the constitutional democracy. The question that will face any court in giving effect to socio-economic rights is: how are these rights to be judicially enforced in a given context? The crux of this thesis lies in the resolution of this question. Firstly this thesis traces the philosophical foundations to the legal recognition of socio-economic rights. It is stated that the recognition of these rights in a justiciable bill of rights requires a conceptually sound understanding of the nature of obligations that these rights place on the state. It is emphasised that it is imperative that access to justice be facilitated to poor and vulnerable members of society for the realisation of the constitutional goal of addressing inequality. Particular concern and priority should in this context be given to women, children and the disabled. The study explores various judicial remedies and makes suggestions on new and innovative constitutional mechanisms for judicial enforcement of these rights. It is concluded that there is an important role to be played by civil society in giving meaningful effect to socio-economic rights.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Ngcukaitobi, T
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: South Africa. Constitution , South Africa. Bill of Rights , Civil rights -- South Africa , Human rights -- South Africa , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1994- , South Africa -- Economic conditions -- 1991- , South Africa -- Social conditions -- 1994-
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3689 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003204 , South Africa. Constitution , South Africa. Bill of Rights , Civil rights -- South Africa , Human rights -- South Africa , South Africa -- Politics and government -- 1994- , South Africa -- Economic conditions -- 1991- , South Africa -- Social conditions -- 1994-
- Description: Few legal developments in South Africa and elsewhere in the world in recent times have excited such controversy as the legal recognition of social and economic rights. South Africa has created a special place for itself in world affairs for being one of the countries that recognise socio-economic rights in a justiciable Bill of Rights. Partly this is in response to the appalling levels of poverty prevalent in the country which could potentially destabilise the new democracy. Improvement of the quality of life of every citizen is a crucial step in consolidating the constitutional democracy. The question that will face any court in giving effect to socio-economic rights is: how are these rights to be judicially enforced in a given context? The crux of this thesis lies in the resolution of this question. Firstly this thesis traces the philosophical foundations to the legal recognition of socio-economic rights. It is stated that the recognition of these rights in a justiciable bill of rights requires a conceptually sound understanding of the nature of obligations that these rights place on the state. It is emphasised that it is imperative that access to justice be facilitated to poor and vulnerable members of society for the realisation of the constitutional goal of addressing inequality. Particular concern and priority should in this context be given to women, children and the disabled. The study explores various judicial remedies and makes suggestions on new and innovative constitutional mechanisms for judicial enforcement of these rights. It is concluded that there is an important role to be played by civil society in giving meaningful effect to socio-economic rights.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The decline of agriculture in rural Transkei: ʺthe case of Mission Location in Butterworthʺ
- Authors: Ngcaba, Siyanda Vincent
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Agriculture -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land use -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3296 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003084 , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land use -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Description: The following dissertation sets out to investigate the decline of agriculture in Mission location at Butterworth, Transkei, using the Rehabilitation Scheme as a benchmark. The scheme was introduced in 1945 to combat soil erosion and improve agriculture in the African reserve areas, as the South African government claimed. The dissertation argues that this claim by the government served to mask the real intentions behind the scheme namely, to regiment the migrant labour system by depriving as many Africans as possible of productive land so that they were unable to fully subsist by means of agriculture. This is further shown by analysing the impact of the Rehabilitation scheme in Mission location in which a substantial number of people lost arable land as a result of the implementation of the scheme in 1945. These people were consequently denied the wherewithal to subsist by agriculture. Moreover, the efforts of the government resulted to a modernisation of agriculture by making it more cash-based- for example through the introduction of fencing, the need for tractors as a result of a decline in stock numbers (in part as a result of stock culling). Most people could hardly afford this type of agriculture and were consequently forced off the land. The dissertation concludes that indeed the decline of agriculture in Mission location can be linked to the changing agricultural and land-holding practices brought about by the government- especially the introduction of the Rehabilitation scheme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Ngcaba, Siyanda Vincent
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Agriculture -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land use -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3296 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003084 , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land use -- South Africa -- Transkei , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Description: The following dissertation sets out to investigate the decline of agriculture in Mission location at Butterworth, Transkei, using the Rehabilitation Scheme as a benchmark. The scheme was introduced in 1945 to combat soil erosion and improve agriculture in the African reserve areas, as the South African government claimed. The dissertation argues that this claim by the government served to mask the real intentions behind the scheme namely, to regiment the migrant labour system by depriving as many Africans as possible of productive land so that they were unable to fully subsist by means of agriculture. This is further shown by analysing the impact of the Rehabilitation scheme in Mission location in which a substantial number of people lost arable land as a result of the implementation of the scheme in 1945. These people were consequently denied the wherewithal to subsist by agriculture. Moreover, the efforts of the government resulted to a modernisation of agriculture by making it more cash-based- for example through the introduction of fencing, the need for tractors as a result of a decline in stock numbers (in part as a result of stock culling). Most people could hardly afford this type of agriculture and were consequently forced off the land. The dissertation concludes that indeed the decline of agriculture in Mission location can be linked to the changing agricultural and land-holding practices brought about by the government- especially the introduction of the Rehabilitation scheme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Procedural fairness in unprotected strike dismissals
- Authors: Nel, Werner
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Strikes and lockouts -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa , Employees -- Dismissal of -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , South Africa. Labour Relations Act -- 1995
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:11049 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/314 , Strikes and lockouts -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa , Employees -- Dismissal of -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , South Africa. Labour Relations Act -- 1995
- Description: The Labour Relations Act contains a definition of a strike which reads as follows: “’strike’ means the partial or complete concerted refusal to work, or the retardation or obstruction of work, by persons who are or have been employed by the same employer or by different employers, for the purpose of remedying a grievance or resolving a dispute in respect of any matter of mutual interest between employer and employee, and every reference to ‘work’ in this definition includes overtime work, whether it is voluntary or compulsory.” The Labour Relations Act offers strikers special protection against dismissal if they conform with the Act and its provisions. Hence the distinction between those strikes and protest action in compliance with the Act, namely ‘protected’ strikes and protest action, and those strikes and protest action in violation of the Act, namely, ‘unprotected’ strikes and protest action. Participation in an unprotected strike is one form of misbehaviour. The Labour Relations Act expressly prohibits the dismissal of employees engaged in a lawful strike. Employees engaged in strike action contrary to the provisions of the Labour Relations Act may be dismissed since their strike action is deemed to be a form of misconduct. The dismissal of striking employees must be both substantially and procedurally fair.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Nel, Werner
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Strikes and lockouts -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa , Employees -- Dismissal of -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , South Africa. Labour Relations Act -- 1995
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:11049 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/314 , Strikes and lockouts -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa , Employees -- Dismissal of -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , South Africa. Labour Relations Act -- 1995
- Description: The Labour Relations Act contains a definition of a strike which reads as follows: “’strike’ means the partial or complete concerted refusal to work, or the retardation or obstruction of work, by persons who are or have been employed by the same employer or by different employers, for the purpose of remedying a grievance or resolving a dispute in respect of any matter of mutual interest between employer and employee, and every reference to ‘work’ in this definition includes overtime work, whether it is voluntary or compulsory.” The Labour Relations Act offers strikers special protection against dismissal if they conform with the Act and its provisions. Hence the distinction between those strikes and protest action in compliance with the Act, namely ‘protected’ strikes and protest action, and those strikes and protest action in violation of the Act, namely, ‘unprotected’ strikes and protest action. Participation in an unprotected strike is one form of misbehaviour. The Labour Relations Act expressly prohibits the dismissal of employees engaged in a lawful strike. Employees engaged in strike action contrary to the provisions of the Labour Relations Act may be dismissed since their strike action is deemed to be a form of misconduct. The dismissal of striking employees must be both substantially and procedurally fair.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Synchronisation of breeding in populations of the brown mussel Perna perna on the South Coast of South Africa
- Authors: Ndzipa, Victoria
- Date: 2013-05-28
- Subjects: Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Breeding
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5830 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007857 , Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Breeding
- Description: The general biology and seasonality of breeding of intertidal populations of the brown mussel Perna perna in South Africa are reasonably well known, but we have little information on variability either within or among populations. Synchronous spawning offers adaptive advantages to externally breeding animals. Firstly, it enhances fertilization rates and therefore the species' reproductive fitness. Secondly, spawning can also be timed to coincide with environmental conditions conducive to larval settlement and development. In addition, synchronisation of spawning will influence the synchrony of settlement. Synchronisation of larval settlement, in turn, has implications for popUlation biology, as highly pulsed settlement is likely to lead to density-dependant mortality of recruits and uncoupling of adult/recruit densities, while poorly synchronised settlement will not. Generally, sea temperature and food availability are considered the key factors underlying the initiation and the duration of the breeding cycle of mussels. However, there are proximate local cues that trigger the proliferation, maturation and release of gametes. In this study, the hypothesis tested is that factors that control food availability affect gonad development and so influence synchrony among populations. Much of the published work on spawning is based on observations of the presence of larvae in the plankton, or on settlement. A more reliable method correlates the sequence of gonad development throughout the year with changes in length-weight relationships, using histology. This study is also designed to investigate temporal differences in the timing of the breeding cycle between sheltered and exposed sites along the south coast of South Africa by histological analysis of the reproductive tissue (the gonad) and by dry weight/shell length regreSSIOns. To do this, these two techniques were applied to six mussel populations at three III ocalities that were separated on scales of about 10-20km. Within each locality, two study sites were .dentified. One was exposed to strong wave action and one was sheltered. A few hundred meters ;eparated these sites. The first technique used length-weight regressions as an indication of mussel ~ondition. Abrupt decreases in the dry body weight of a hypothetical standard animal were taken to indicate periods of spawning. Regressions were assessed for samples of 40 mussels taken from each site at intervals of 4 weeks over 13 months. The results were analysed using a 3-way ANCOV A, with dry weight as the dependent variable, shell length as a covariate, and site, exposure and month, as independent variables. The second approach used the more reliable and detailed method of assessing the annual reproductive cycle using histological sections of the gonad. Histological sections of gonads from thirty female mussels, sampled monthly from each site, were examined in the laboratory. Each gonad was categorized into one of six arbitrary developmental stages based on ovary morphology. Synchrony in spawning was examined by comparison of gonad developmental stages of individuals within and among populations. The data were analysed by 3-way nested ANOV A with mean gonad index for each population as the dependent variable, month as an independent variable and exposure nested in site. The results obtained from both techniques showed strong synchronisation among different popUlations, regardless of the scales at which they were separated. The data also indicated good synchrony within populations and, again among populations, regardless of the degree of exposure. The results also indicated that the gonad condition varied significantly at each site, exposure level and month. However, there were significant interactions among these three factors. This means that on a broader seasonal scale the six mussel populations were reasonably synchronised, but on finer monthly scales, there were temporal differences in duration of gametogenic events. The implication is that ovary development is cued by environmental factor(s) that operate on scales of at least 7-20 km rather than more localised events that may affect food availablity either through aggregation of food (local hydrography at different localities) or food delivery to the shore (degree of wave action at different sites.) , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ndzipa, Victoria
- Date: 2013-05-28
- Subjects: Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Breeding
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5830 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007857 , Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Breeding
- Description: The general biology and seasonality of breeding of intertidal populations of the brown mussel Perna perna in South Africa are reasonably well known, but we have little information on variability either within or among populations. Synchronous spawning offers adaptive advantages to externally breeding animals. Firstly, it enhances fertilization rates and therefore the species' reproductive fitness. Secondly, spawning can also be timed to coincide with environmental conditions conducive to larval settlement and development. In addition, synchronisation of spawning will influence the synchrony of settlement. Synchronisation of larval settlement, in turn, has implications for popUlation biology, as highly pulsed settlement is likely to lead to density-dependant mortality of recruits and uncoupling of adult/recruit densities, while poorly synchronised settlement will not. Generally, sea temperature and food availability are considered the key factors underlying the initiation and the duration of the breeding cycle of mussels. However, there are proximate local cues that trigger the proliferation, maturation and release of gametes. In this study, the hypothesis tested is that factors that control food availability affect gonad development and so influence synchrony among populations. Much of the published work on spawning is based on observations of the presence of larvae in the plankton, or on settlement. A more reliable method correlates the sequence of gonad development throughout the year with changes in length-weight relationships, using histology. This study is also designed to investigate temporal differences in the timing of the breeding cycle between sheltered and exposed sites along the south coast of South Africa by histological analysis of the reproductive tissue (the gonad) and by dry weight/shell length regreSSIOns. To do this, these two techniques were applied to six mussel populations at three III ocalities that were separated on scales of about 10-20km. Within each locality, two study sites were .dentified. One was exposed to strong wave action and one was sheltered. A few hundred meters ;eparated these sites. The first technique used length-weight regressions as an indication of mussel ~ondition. Abrupt decreases in the dry body weight of a hypothetical standard animal were taken to indicate periods of spawning. Regressions were assessed for samples of 40 mussels taken from each site at intervals of 4 weeks over 13 months. The results were analysed using a 3-way ANCOV A, with dry weight as the dependent variable, shell length as a covariate, and site, exposure and month, as independent variables. The second approach used the more reliable and detailed method of assessing the annual reproductive cycle using histological sections of the gonad. Histological sections of gonads from thirty female mussels, sampled monthly from each site, were examined in the laboratory. Each gonad was categorized into one of six arbitrary developmental stages based on ovary morphology. Synchrony in spawning was examined by comparison of gonad developmental stages of individuals within and among populations. The data were analysed by 3-way nested ANOV A with mean gonad index for each population as the dependent variable, month as an independent variable and exposure nested in site. The results obtained from both techniques showed strong synchronisation among different popUlations, regardless of the scales at which they were separated. The data also indicated good synchrony within populations and, again among populations, regardless of the degree of exposure. The results also indicated that the gonad condition varied significantly at each site, exposure level and month. However, there were significant interactions among these three factors. This means that on a broader seasonal scale the six mussel populations were reasonably synchronised, but on finer monthly scales, there were temporal differences in duration of gametogenic events. The implication is that ovary development is cued by environmental factor(s) that operate on scales of at least 7-20 km rather than more localised events that may affect food availablity either through aggregation of food (local hydrography at different localities) or food delivery to the shore (degree of wave action at different sites.) , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text: