Compositional varition of the Essential Oils of Artemisia afra Jacq. from three Provinces in South Africa- A Case Study of its safety
- Oyedeji, O A, Afolayan, A J, Hutchings, A
- Authors: Oyedeji, O A , Afolayan, A J , Hutchings, A
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/748 , vital:29679
- Description: In South Africa, Centella asiatica. (L.) Urb is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases. Analyses of the essential oil of this medicinal plant revealed 11 monoterpenoid hydrocarbons (20.20%), nine oxygenated monoterpenoids (5.46%), 14 sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons (68.80%), five oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (3.90%), and one sulfide sesquiterpenoid (0.76%). α.-Humulene (21.06%), β.-caryophyllene (19.08%), bicyclogermacrene (11.22%), germacrene B (6.29%), and myrcene (6.55%) were the predominant constitutes. The essential oil extract exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus.) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei.) organisms.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Oyedeji, O A , Afolayan, A J , Hutchings, A
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/748 , vital:29679
- Description: In South Africa, Centella asiatica. (L.) Urb is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases. Analyses of the essential oil of this medicinal plant revealed 11 monoterpenoid hydrocarbons (20.20%), nine oxygenated monoterpenoids (5.46%), 14 sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons (68.80%), five oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (3.90%), and one sulfide sesquiterpenoid (0.76%). α.-Humulene (21.06%), β.-caryophyllene (19.08%), bicyclogermacrene (11.22%), germacrene B (6.29%), and myrcene (6.55%) were the predominant constitutes. The essential oil extract exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus.) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei.) organisms.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2009
Metallophthalocyanine Based Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of 2′, 3′‐Dideoxyinosine
- Ozoemena, Kenneth I, Stefan-van Staden, Raluca-Ioana, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Ozoemena, Kenneth I , Stefan-van Staden, Raluca-Ioana , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/263430 , vital:53627 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200904581"
- Description: Novel electrochemical sensors based on carbon paste impregnated with metallopthalocyanine (MPc, M=Co, Fe) complexes, have been constructed for the assay of anti-HIV drug 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (didanosine, DDI). Both modified electrodes showed electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of dideoxyinosine in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 with a working concentration range of 10−6–10−4 mol/L and a detection limit of 10−7 mol/L magnitude order. The sensor proved to be highly reliable for the assay of the purity of DDI - raw material as well as for the uniformity content test of Videx tablets.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Ozoemena, Kenneth I , Stefan-van Staden, Raluca-Ioana , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/263430 , vital:53627 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200904581"
- Description: Novel electrochemical sensors based on carbon paste impregnated with metallopthalocyanine (MPc, M=Co, Fe) complexes, have been constructed for the assay of anti-HIV drug 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (didanosine, DDI). Both modified electrodes showed electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of dideoxyinosine in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 with a working concentration range of 10−6–10−4 mol/L and a detection limit of 10−7 mol/L magnitude order. The sensor proved to be highly reliable for the assay of the purity of DDI - raw material as well as for the uniformity content test of Videx tablets.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Metal (Co, Fe) tribenzotetraazachlorin–fullerene conjugates
- Ozoemena, Kenneth I, Mamuru, Solomon A, Fukuda, Takamitsu, Kobayashi, Nagao, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Ozoemena, Kenneth I , Mamuru, Solomon A , Fukuda, Takamitsu , Kobayashi, Nagao , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/263464 , vital:53630 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.04.011"
- Description: Novel hexabutylsulphonyltribenzotetraazachlorin–fullerene (C60) complexes of iron (FeHBSTBTAC–C60) and cobalt (CoHBSTBTAC–C60) have been synthesized and their electrochemistry and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared with their octabutylsulphonylphthalocyanine analogues (FeOBSPc and CoOBSPc). It is proved that electron-withdrawing substituents (–SO2Bu and C60) on phthalocyanine macrocycle exhibit distinct impact on the solution electrochemistry of these metallophthalocyanine (MPc) complexes. The more electron-withdrawing C60 substituent suppressed ORR compared to the –SO2Bu in alkaline medium. FeOBSPc showed the best ORR activity involving a direct 4-electron mechanism, a rate constant of ∼1 × 108 cm3 mol−1 s−1 and a Tafel slope of −171 mV dec−1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Ozoemena, Kenneth I , Mamuru, Solomon A , Fukuda, Takamitsu , Kobayashi, Nagao , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/263464 , vital:53630 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.04.011"
- Description: Novel hexabutylsulphonyltribenzotetraazachlorin–fullerene (C60) complexes of iron (FeHBSTBTAC–C60) and cobalt (CoHBSTBTAC–C60) have been synthesized and their electrochemistry and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared with their octabutylsulphonylphthalocyanine analogues (FeOBSPc and CoOBSPc). It is proved that electron-withdrawing substituents (–SO2Bu and C60) on phthalocyanine macrocycle exhibit distinct impact on the solution electrochemistry of these metallophthalocyanine (MPc) complexes. The more electron-withdrawing C60 substituent suppressed ORR compared to the –SO2Bu in alkaline medium. FeOBSPc showed the best ORR activity involving a direct 4-electron mechanism, a rate constant of ∼1 × 108 cm3 mol−1 s−1 and a Tafel slope of −171 mV dec−1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
The willingness to pay for dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) restocking: using recreational linefishing licence fees to fund stock enhancement in South Africa
- Palmer, Ryan M, Snowball, Jeanette D
- Authors: Palmer, Ryan M , Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71322 , vital:29833 , https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp075
- Description: The economic feasibility of stock enhancement of Argyrosomus japonicus in South Africa was investigated using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey. The pilot study provides a unique example of the use of the contingent valuation method as a valuation tool for a proposed stock enhancement programme. An increase in the cost of a recreational fishing permit is used as a potential vehicle of payment. The median value of the maximum that fishers were willing to pay for a recreational fishing permit was R155 (South African Rand) for frequent fishers and R100 for non-frequent fishers. Analysis showed that a fee of more than R100 excluded up to 50% of anglers from the fishery, but that a fee of R100 excluded only 28% of recreational anglers and would generate an additional R12 million annually from the sale of recreational fishing permits. The estimated costs of set-up and running of a stock enhancement programme are substantially lower than this, suggesting that stock enhancement may be an economically feasible management option that deserves more investigation. The WTP method itself produces robust results and is likely to be an effective tool in the management of the marine environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Palmer, Ryan M , Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71322 , vital:29833 , https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp075
- Description: The economic feasibility of stock enhancement of Argyrosomus japonicus in South Africa was investigated using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey. The pilot study provides a unique example of the use of the contingent valuation method as a valuation tool for a proposed stock enhancement programme. An increase in the cost of a recreational fishing permit is used as a potential vehicle of payment. The median value of the maximum that fishers were willing to pay for a recreational fishing permit was R155 (South African Rand) for frequent fishers and R100 for non-frequent fishers. Analysis showed that a fee of more than R100 excluded up to 50% of anglers from the fishery, but that a fee of R100 excluded only 28% of recreational anglers and would generate an additional R12 million annually from the sale of recreational fishing permits. The estimated costs of set-up and running of a stock enhancement programme are substantially lower than this, suggesting that stock enhancement may be an economically feasible management option that deserves more investigation. The WTP method itself produces robust results and is likely to be an effective tool in the management of the marine environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Sigtuna think piece 6: A case of exploring learning interactions in rural farming communities of practice in Manicaland, Zimbabwe
- Authors: Pesanayi, Tichaona V
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/386427 , vital:68140 , xlink:href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/view/122802"
- Description: Food insecurity is one of the major threats to sustainable development in Africa, and particularly southern Africa. Climate change is increasingly having negative impacts on food production, further increasing the vulnerability of resource-poor communities. This paper outlines a research study conducted in two Zimbabwean smallholder communities of practice, with the aim of understanding learning interactions taking place within the community of practice that influence its choice of cultivated food plants. This would hopefully inform capability-centred teaching and learning. The study was conducted in the context of vulnerability to environment risk, socio-political pressures and a market-oriented agro-based economy in recession. Various causal mechanisms influencing plant-food choice were identified using critical realist ontological analysis. These included mixed messages from external influences in conflict with local knowledge due to power knowledge relationships. A number of learning interactions were found to be important in promoting the adaptive capacity of the farmers to chronic drought, which included inter-generational knowledge sharing; farmer to farmer exchange and reflective dialogue; experiential learning; farmers ‘passing on’ part of their harvests to other farmers; farming communities learning from risk and responding to risk; and learning from trying things out. The implications for capability-centred social learning processes were that it is important to understand the causal mechanisms that influence choices; and to confront tensions, while reducing ambivalence. A focus on more sustainable alternatives, feasible and practical for farmers, was recommended. These findings, in the context of one case study, create research questions to be examined in other case contexts in environmental education research focusing on climate change learning and adaptation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Pesanayi, Tichaona V
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/386427 , vital:68140 , xlink:href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/view/122802"
- Description: Food insecurity is one of the major threats to sustainable development in Africa, and particularly southern Africa. Climate change is increasingly having negative impacts on food production, further increasing the vulnerability of resource-poor communities. This paper outlines a research study conducted in two Zimbabwean smallholder communities of practice, with the aim of understanding learning interactions taking place within the community of practice that influence its choice of cultivated food plants. This would hopefully inform capability-centred teaching and learning. The study was conducted in the context of vulnerability to environment risk, socio-political pressures and a market-oriented agro-based economy in recession. Various causal mechanisms influencing plant-food choice were identified using critical realist ontological analysis. These included mixed messages from external influences in conflict with local knowledge due to power knowledge relationships. A number of learning interactions were found to be important in promoting the adaptive capacity of the farmers to chronic drought, which included inter-generational knowledge sharing; farmer to farmer exchange and reflective dialogue; experiential learning; farmers ‘passing on’ part of their harvests to other farmers; farming communities learning from risk and responding to risk; and learning from trying things out. The implications for capability-centred social learning processes were that it is important to understand the causal mechanisms that influence choices; and to confront tensions, while reducing ambivalence. A focus on more sustainable alternatives, feasible and practical for farmers, was recommended. These findings, in the context of one case study, create research questions to be examined in other case contexts in environmental education research focusing on climate change learning and adaptation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Hard choices ahead
- Authors: Pithouse, Richard, 1970-
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:6204 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008573 , http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/334.1
- Description: preprint , From Introduction: In recent weeks people have been willing to risk arrest, violence and in some cases death at the hands of our habitually brutal police force to assert a whole range of demands. These demands have included an insistence on the right to the cities, the right to an income, the right to a decent education and the right to a living wage.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Pithouse, Richard, 1970-
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: vital:6204 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008573 , http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/334.1
- Description: preprint , From Introduction: In recent weeks people have been willing to risk arrest, violence and in some cases death at the hands of our habitually brutal police force to assert a whole range of demands. These demands have included an insistence on the right to the cities, the right to an income, the right to a decent education and the right to a living wage.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Passive Traffic Inspection for Automated Firewall Rule Set Generation
- Pranschke, Georg-Christian, Irwin, Barry V W, Barnett, Richard J
- Authors: Pranschke, Georg-Christian , Irwin, Barry V W , Barnett, Richard J
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428114 , vital:72487 , https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49200001/Automated_Firewall_Rule_Set_Generation_T20160928-12076-1n830lx-libre.pdf?1475130103=andresponse-content-disposi-tion=inline%3B+filename%3DAutomated_Firewall_Rule_Set_Generation_T.pdfandExpires=1714733377andSignature=Q0miMvZNpP7c60n42m54TvFG4hIdujVJBilbpvDKquBk54RPwU22pH6-40mpmOxIFBllKUmOgZfS9SwzuiANn-AZ2bhAELyZmf2bJ5MgceaYH5wnPjX9VzP04C2BACzhO5YutUfwkysburUx-zNdiemSofx2p1DwOszXaJNauYdP8RcHQmFl8aOnkoc3kmU02eKz8WiQISntJtu5Gpo8txP-Z6f1BEzvlVGd432tndhRwpsEVWGW43~oXsdaWQu72S8pTakgKPREqaD7CUHKMXiiUBfuiSj1nFo2n4xZQlFHqbMT7TAYzBPM0GObe~kBe5s2nY6dnOMUKUsSaeTUtqA__andKey-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
- Description: The introduction of network filters and chokes such as firewalls in exist-ing operational network is often problematic, due to considerations that need to be made to minimise the interruption of existent legitimate traf-fic. This often necessitates the time consuming manual analysis of net-work traffic over a period of time in order to generate and vet the rule bases to minimise disruption of legitimate flows. To improve upon this, a system facilitating network traffic analysis and firewall rule set genera-tion is proposed. The system shall be capable to deal with the ever in-creasing traffic volumes and help to provide and maintain high uptimes. A high level overview of the design of the components is presented. Additions to the system are scoring metrics which may assist the admin-istrator to optimise the rule sets for the most efficient matching of flows, based on traffic volume, frequency or packet count. A third party pack-age-Firewall Builder-is used to target the resultant rule sets to a number of different firewall and network Filtering platforms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Pranschke, Georg-Christian , Irwin, Barry V W , Barnett, Richard J
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428114 , vital:72487 , https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49200001/Automated_Firewall_Rule_Set_Generation_T20160928-12076-1n830lx-libre.pdf?1475130103=andresponse-content-disposi-tion=inline%3B+filename%3DAutomated_Firewall_Rule_Set_Generation_T.pdfandExpires=1714733377andSignature=Q0miMvZNpP7c60n42m54TvFG4hIdujVJBilbpvDKquBk54RPwU22pH6-40mpmOxIFBllKUmOgZfS9SwzuiANn-AZ2bhAELyZmf2bJ5MgceaYH5wnPjX9VzP04C2BACzhO5YutUfwkysburUx-zNdiemSofx2p1DwOszXaJNauYdP8RcHQmFl8aOnkoc3kmU02eKz8WiQISntJtu5Gpo8txP-Z6f1BEzvlVGd432tndhRwpsEVWGW43~oXsdaWQu72S8pTakgKPREqaD7CUHKMXiiUBfuiSj1nFo2n4xZQlFHqbMT7TAYzBPM0GObe~kBe5s2nY6dnOMUKUsSaeTUtqA__andKey-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
- Description: The introduction of network filters and chokes such as firewalls in exist-ing operational network is often problematic, due to considerations that need to be made to minimise the interruption of existent legitimate traf-fic. This often necessitates the time consuming manual analysis of net-work traffic over a period of time in order to generate and vet the rule bases to minimise disruption of legitimate flows. To improve upon this, a system facilitating network traffic analysis and firewall rule set genera-tion is proposed. The system shall be capable to deal with the ever in-creasing traffic volumes and help to provide and maintain high uptimes. A high level overview of the design of the components is presented. Additions to the system are scoring metrics which may assist the admin-istrator to optimise the rule sets for the most efficient matching of flows, based on traffic volume, frequency or packet count. A third party pack-age-Firewall Builder-is used to target the resultant rule sets to a number of different firewall and network Filtering platforms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Automated Firewall Rule Set Generation Through Passive Traffic Inspection
- Pranschke, Georg-Christian, Irwin, Barry V W, Barnett, Richard J
- Authors: Pranschke, Georg-Christian , Irwin, Barry V W , Barnett, Richard J
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428659 , vital:72527 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3660-5_56
- Description: Introducing rewalls and other choke point controls in existing networks is often problematic, because in the majority of cases there is already production tra c in place that cannot be interrupted. This often necessitates the time consuming manual analysis of network tra c in order to ensure that when a new system is installed, there is no disruption to legitimate ows. To improve upon this situation it is proposed that a system facilitating network tra c analysis and rewall rule set generation is developed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Pranschke, Georg-Christian , Irwin, Barry V W , Barnett, Richard J
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428659 , vital:72527 , https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3660-5_56
- Description: Introducing rewalls and other choke point controls in existing networks is often problematic, because in the majority of cases there is already production tra c in place that cannot be interrupted. This often necessitates the time consuming manual analysis of network tra c in order to ensure that when a new system is installed, there is no disruption to legitimate ows. To improve upon this situation it is proposed that a system facilitating network tra c analysis and rewall rule set generation is developed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Instruments available to the public to assess audit quality
- Authors: Prinsloo, Frans
- Subjects: Auditing -- South Africa , Quality control -- Auditing , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21928 , vital:29802
- Description: With the separation of ownership from day-to-day management that began to characterise many businesses following the industrial revolution, concern arose whether the day-to-day management (as agents) would bias information flows to the business owners (as principals) in order to enhance, say, their remuneration and their reputations as managers (AQF, 2005a: 6). To address these concerns, business owners require mechanisms, such as the external audit, to enable the effective assessment of the stewardship of the agents. Currently the role of the external auditor is to express an opinion on the fair representation of the annual financial statements prepared by management for the business owners.
- Full Text: false
- Authors: Prinsloo, Frans
- Subjects: Auditing -- South Africa , Quality control -- Auditing , f-sa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21928 , vital:29802
- Description: With the separation of ownership from day-to-day management that began to characterise many businesses following the industrial revolution, concern arose whether the day-to-day management (as agents) would bias information flows to the business owners (as principals) in order to enhance, say, their remuneration and their reputations as managers (AQF, 2005a: 6). To address these concerns, business owners require mechanisms, such as the external audit, to enable the effective assessment of the stewardship of the agents. Currently the role of the external auditor is to express an opinion on the fair representation of the annual financial statements prepared by management for the business owners.
- Full Text: false
An examination of feedback on draft essays, using Halliday's definition of context:
- Authors: Quinn, Lynn
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69500 , vital:29544 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2016.1255206
- Description: An historical structural understanding underpins the research reported on in this paper. The ideas of the systemic functional linguist, Michael Halliday, are used to examine a draftingresponding-redrafting process used to develop students'. academic writing in the English Language for Academic Purposes (ELAP) course at Rhodes University. Using the Hallidayan framework, I examine how the process can help students adapt to the broader culture of the university and at a more micro level how the comments made by the respondent can help student writers to acquire the academic literacy required to write essays in the context of situation of the ELAP course. The features of field, tenor and mode and their associated textual meanings (that is, experiential meaning, interpersonal meaning and textual meaning) are used to categorise the ways in which comments made at the draft stage of the writing process can develop students' writing. As a result of my research I argue in this paper that it might be useful for writing consultants/lecturers to think of their feedback to students' writing in terms of these categories and to consider whether they have helped students to develop their writing by taking into account the features of the particular social context in which the writing takes place.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Quinn, Lynn
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69500 , vital:29544 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2016.1255206
- Description: An historical structural understanding underpins the research reported on in this paper. The ideas of the systemic functional linguist, Michael Halliday, are used to examine a draftingresponding-redrafting process used to develop students'. academic writing in the English Language for Academic Purposes (ELAP) course at Rhodes University. Using the Hallidayan framework, I examine how the process can help students adapt to the broader culture of the university and at a more micro level how the comments made by the respondent can help student writers to acquire the academic literacy required to write essays in the context of situation of the ELAP course. The features of field, tenor and mode and their associated textual meanings (that is, experiential meaning, interpersonal meaning and textual meaning) are used to categorise the ways in which comments made at the draft stage of the writing process can develop students' writing. As a result of my research I argue in this paper that it might be useful for writing consultants/lecturers to think of their feedback to students' writing in terms of these categories and to consider whether they have helped students to develop their writing by taking into account the features of the particular social context in which the writing takes place.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rhodes University Graduation Ceremony 2009
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007250
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies [at] 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 16 April at 18:00 [and] Friday, 17 April at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 18 April at 10:30
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007250
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies [at] 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 16 April at 18:00 [and] Friday, 17 April at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 18 April at 10:30
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Predicting geographic distribution of seven blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in South Africa
- Richards, C S, Williams, K A, Villet, Martin H
- Authors: Richards, C S , Williams, K A , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6854 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011135
- Description: The predicted geographic distributions of seven forensically important blowfly species are modelled using the computer program Maxent, based on selected climatic variables for South Africa, a country with large climatic and environmental gradients. It is shown that although temperature was hypothesized to most influence the distributions of these ectotherms, moisture, and particularly humidity, was in fact usually paramount. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and C. marginalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) had the most widespread geographic and climatic distribution, while the forest-associated C. inclinata(Walker) was the least widespread. Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) and C. megacephala (Fabricius) had very similar predicted distributions that were restricted mainly to Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and the coast of the Eastern Cape. Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann) and Calliphora croceipalpis (Jaennicke) were the only species predicted to occur at high altitudes. Blowfly distributions restricted to part of the map area were predicted better than those that were more widespread in the region, presumably because species with extremely widespread distributions in a study area occupy nearly the whole range of variation of most predictor variables, leaving little variation with which themaximumentropy modelling method can discriminate between presence and absence of the organism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Predicting geographic distribution of seven blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in South Africa
- Authors: Richards, C S , Williams, K A , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6854 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011135
- Description: The predicted geographic distributions of seven forensically important blowfly species are modelled using the computer program Maxent, based on selected climatic variables for South Africa, a country with large climatic and environmental gradients. It is shown that although temperature was hypothesized to most influence the distributions of these ectotherms, moisture, and particularly humidity, was in fact usually paramount. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and C. marginalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) had the most widespread geographic and climatic distribution, while the forest-associated C. inclinata(Walker) was the least widespread. Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) and C. megacephala (Fabricius) had very similar predicted distributions that were restricted mainly to Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and the coast of the Eastern Cape. Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann) and Calliphora croceipalpis (Jaennicke) were the only species predicted to occur at high altitudes. Blowfly distributions restricted to part of the map area were predicted better than those that were more widespread in the region, presumably because species with extremely widespread distributions in a study area occupy nearly the whole range of variation of most predictor variables, leaving little variation with which themaximumentropy modelling method can discriminate between presence and absence of the organism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rapid biological assessment of the fishery potential of Xonxa Dam, near Queenstown, South Africa
- Richardson, T J, Booth, Anthony J, Weyl, Olaf L F
- Authors: Richardson, T J , Booth, Anthony J , Weyl, Olaf L F
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125798 , vital:35818 , https://doi.10.2989/AJAS.2009.34.1.9.734
- Description: In Africa, the harvesting of fish from small reservoirs has been identified as an important food resource for small rural communities, particularly those living close to waterbodies (Kapetsky and Petr 1984, Marshall and Maes 1994, van der Knaap 1994). Development of fisheries to utilize these resources has recently been identified by the African Union as a priority investment area for poverty alleviation and regional economic development (NEPAD 2005). Within a South African context, it is suspected that there will be increased interest in developing these fisheries to address major national policy objectives, which include food security, economic empowerment, optimal economic benefit from water, and poverty eradication (RSA 1998a, 1998b). South Africa, however, presents a somewhat anomalous situation. The lack of a fishing history in communities, the lack of species with a high fisheries potential, inadequate inland fisheries policy and a lack of directed fisheries development have resulted in low utilisation levels of fish resources in South African reservoirs (Weyl et al. 2007).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Richardson, T J , Booth, Anthony J , Weyl, Olaf L F
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125798 , vital:35818 , https://doi.10.2989/AJAS.2009.34.1.9.734
- Description: In Africa, the harvesting of fish from small reservoirs has been identified as an important food resource for small rural communities, particularly those living close to waterbodies (Kapetsky and Petr 1984, Marshall and Maes 1994, van der Knaap 1994). Development of fisheries to utilize these resources has recently been identified by the African Union as a priority investment area for poverty alleviation and regional economic development (NEPAD 2005). Within a South African context, it is suspected that there will be increased interest in developing these fisheries to address major national policy objectives, which include food security, economic empowerment, optimal economic benefit from water, and poverty eradication (RSA 1998a, 1998b). South Africa, however, presents a somewhat anomalous situation. The lack of a fishing history in communities, the lack of species with a high fisheries potential, inadequate inland fisheries policy and a lack of directed fisheries development have resulted in low utilisation levels of fish resources in South African reservoirs (Weyl et al. 2007).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Antiretroviral therapy in a South African public health care setting – facilitating and constraining factors
- Ruud, K W, Srinivas, Sunitha C, Toverud, E-L
- Authors: Ruud, K W , Srinivas, Sunitha C , Toverud, E-L
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6453 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006831
- Description: The objective of the study was to identify and document facilitating and constraining factors in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme in a public health care setting in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Observations for the study were carried out in a district hospital and two down-referral clinics in Makana Local Services Area in the Eastern Cape Province. Two discussion groups with key stakeholders were conducted to gather information about opinions and experiences among the health care providers (HCPs). It was found that the operating ART programme in this setting has been integrated in the existing down-referral health care system, based on follow-up in primary health care (PHC) clinics. Treatment is provided free of charge. The treatment programme provides the patients with access to counselling, nutritional assistance, psychosocial support and social welfare evaluation. However, increasing patient numbers and lack of human resources leads to a heavy workload for the HCPs involved with the ART programme. The need for additional, educated health workers is a major constraint for progress in provision of health care to patients who have accepted their HIV status, and are enrolled, or waiting to be enrolled, on the ART. However, delegation of work tasks among available HCPs and good communication between HCPs in the different clinics is a facilitating factor that ensures efficient use of the human resources available. Conclusion: Taking into account the challenges in a resource-constrained setting, this programme shows potential for functioning well as a provider of ART for those who are able and willing to access it. Considering an already heavy workload for HCPs, limitations and challenges still exist in reaching out with adequate treatment to a greater number of people who need ART.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Ruud, K W , Srinivas, Sunitha C , Toverud, E-L
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6453 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006831
- Description: The objective of the study was to identify and document facilitating and constraining factors in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme in a public health care setting in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Observations for the study were carried out in a district hospital and two down-referral clinics in Makana Local Services Area in the Eastern Cape Province. Two discussion groups with key stakeholders were conducted to gather information about opinions and experiences among the health care providers (HCPs). It was found that the operating ART programme in this setting has been integrated in the existing down-referral health care system, based on follow-up in primary health care (PHC) clinics. Treatment is provided free of charge. The treatment programme provides the patients with access to counselling, nutritional assistance, psychosocial support and social welfare evaluation. However, increasing patient numbers and lack of human resources leads to a heavy workload for the HCPs involved with the ART programme. The need for additional, educated health workers is a major constraint for progress in provision of health care to patients who have accepted their HIV status, and are enrolled, or waiting to be enrolled, on the ART. However, delegation of work tasks among available HCPs and good communication between HCPs in the different clinics is a facilitating factor that ensures efficient use of the human resources available. Conclusion: Taking into account the challenges in a resource-constrained setting, this programme shows potential for functioning well as a provider of ART for those who are able and willing to access it. Considering an already heavy workload for HCPs, limitations and challenges still exist in reaching out with adequate treatment to a greater number of people who need ART.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Water-soluble phthalocyanines mediated photodynamic effect on mesothelioma cells
- Saydan, Nil, Durmus, Mahmut, Dizge, Meltem G, Yaman, Hanif, Gürek, Ayşe G, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello, Ahsen, Vefa
- Authors: Saydan, Nil , Durmus, Mahmut , Dizge, Meltem G , Yaman, Hanif , Gürek, Ayşe G , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello , Ahsen, Vefa
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/263480 , vital:53631 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424609000863"
- Description: The new peripherally 2-mercaptopyridine tetrasubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (2) and its quaternized derivative (3) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The quaternized compound (3) shows excellent solubility in water, which makes it a potential photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yield measurements were conducted on 2-mercaptopyridine appended zinc phthalocyanines in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) for both the non-ionic (2) and quaternized (3) derivatives, and in aqueous media for the water-soluble complex 3. General trends are described for fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds. In this study, the cells were incubated with a novel water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine derivative (3) and thereafter the cells were illuminated using broad-band incoherent light source of various energy levels. Cytotoxicity of PDT on two pleural malign mesothelioma cell lines was determined by colorimetric proliferation assay. In addition, after PDT treatment, determination of activity matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were evaluated using gelatine zymography.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Saydan, Nil , Durmus, Mahmut , Dizge, Meltem G , Yaman, Hanif , Gürek, Ayşe G , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello , Ahsen, Vefa
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/263480 , vital:53631 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424609000863"
- Description: The new peripherally 2-mercaptopyridine tetrasubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (2) and its quaternized derivative (3) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The quaternized compound (3) shows excellent solubility in water, which makes it a potential photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yield measurements were conducted on 2-mercaptopyridine appended zinc phthalocyanines in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) for both the non-ionic (2) and quaternized (3) derivatives, and in aqueous media for the water-soluble complex 3. General trends are described for fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds. In this study, the cells were incubated with a novel water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine derivative (3) and thereafter the cells were illuminated using broad-band incoherent light source of various energy levels. Cytotoxicity of PDT on two pleural malign mesothelioma cell lines was determined by colorimetric proliferation assay. In addition, after PDT treatment, determination of activity matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were evaluated using gelatine zymography.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Steps by steps: the making of the Steps for the Future documentary series, likka Vehkalathi and Don Edkins: book review
- Authors: Schoon, Alette
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159348 , vital:40290 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC139902
- Description: In a frank, offbeat memoir, Finnish filmmaker Iikka Vehkalahti and his South African partner Don Edkins, tell their story of how they developed an infectious concept, charmed big broadcasters - and nearly didn't get the films made. Alette Schoon gets taken along for the ride.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Schoon, Alette
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159348 , vital:40290 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC139902
- Description: In a frank, offbeat memoir, Finnish filmmaker Iikka Vehkalahti and his South African partner Don Edkins, tell their story of how they developed an infectious concept, charmed big broadcasters - and nearly didn't get the films made. Alette Schoon gets taken along for the ride.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Foreign policy ambiguity on the part of an emergent middle power: South African foreign policy through other lenses
- Serrão, Olivier, Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Authors: Serrão, Olivier , Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/161464 , vital:40629 , DOI: 10.1080/02589341003600189
- Description: This paper attempts to address the ambiguity so frequently highlighted in South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy. Three central arguments are put forward. Firstly, it is argued that traditional accounts of South Africa's foreign policy, utilizing rationalist or ‘mainstream’ theories of International Relations, are insufficient in themselves to explain the complexities inherent in the country's foreign policy. In this regard, constructivist IR theory offers several key insights into studies of South Africa's foreign policy. Secondly, although it is argued that constructivism, particularly its focus on identity, is crucial to understanding South African foreign policy, it alone cannot sufficiently explain its reception or results on the world stage. Finally, it is argued that in order to fully appreciate both the nature and effects of South Africa's foreign policy, a mixed focus, incorporating insights from both constructivist and materialist-based theories of IR, is necessary.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Serrão, Olivier , Bischoff, Paul, 1954-
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/161464 , vital:40629 , DOI: 10.1080/02589341003600189
- Description: This paper attempts to address the ambiguity so frequently highlighted in South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy. Three central arguments are put forward. Firstly, it is argued that traditional accounts of South Africa's foreign policy, utilizing rationalist or ‘mainstream’ theories of International Relations, are insufficient in themselves to explain the complexities inherent in the country's foreign policy. In this regard, constructivist IR theory offers several key insights into studies of South Africa's foreign policy. Secondly, although it is argued that constructivism, particularly its focus on identity, is crucial to understanding South African foreign policy, it alone cannot sufficiently explain its reception or results on the world stage. Finally, it is argued that in order to fully appreciate both the nature and effects of South Africa's foreign policy, a mixed focus, incorporating insights from both constructivist and materialist-based theories of IR, is necessary.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Beyond just research: Experiences from Southern Africa in developing social learning partnerships for resource conservation initiatives
- Shackleton, Charlie M, Cundill, Georgina, Knight, Andrew T
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Cundill, Georgina , Knight, Andrew T
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181157 , vital:43703 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00559.x"
- Description: There is a well-acknowledged communication or knowledge gap between scientists and decision-makers. Many scientists who take on the challenge of narrowing this gap operate on the understanding that their role is to communicate their findings in a one-way flow of information: from science to decision-makers. However, to be effective scientists must engage in an ongoing social learning process with decision-makers, and regard themselves as facilitators, and also as one among many stakeholders who have valid and important ecological knowledge. The developing world poses some particular challenges in this regard, specifically in terms of the large number of local level subsistence resources users who are important de facto decision-makers. We examine four natural resource management case studies from South Africa that differ in spatial scale and complexity, ranging from a single village to a whole biome. We distil seven lessons to help guide development of social learning processes and organizations in similar situations relating to natural resource planning and management. The lessons pertain to: maintaining ‘key individuals’ within social learning processes; the role of researchers; the formulation of research questions that social learning processes require adaptive long-term funding and capacity support; that local resource users are key decision-makers in developing countries; some perspectives on knowledge; and the need to measure research success.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Cundill, Georgina , Knight, Andrew T
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181157 , vital:43703 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00559.x"
- Description: There is a well-acknowledged communication or knowledge gap between scientists and decision-makers. Many scientists who take on the challenge of narrowing this gap operate on the understanding that their role is to communicate their findings in a one-way flow of information: from science to decision-makers. However, to be effective scientists must engage in an ongoing social learning process with decision-makers, and regard themselves as facilitators, and also as one among many stakeholders who have valid and important ecological knowledge. The developing world poses some particular challenges in this regard, specifically in terms of the large number of local level subsistence resources users who are important de facto decision-makers. We examine four natural resource management case studies from South Africa that differ in spatial scale and complexity, ranging from a single village to a whole biome. We distil seven lessons to help guide development of social learning processes and organizations in similar situations relating to natural resource planning and management. The lessons pertain to: maintaining ‘key individuals’ within social learning processes; the role of researchers; the formulation of research questions that social learning processes require adaptive long-term funding and capacity support; that local resource users are key decision-makers in developing countries; some perspectives on knowledge; and the need to measure research success.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Growing of trees in home-gardens by rural households in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo Provinces, South Africa:
- Shackleton, Charlie M, Paumgarten, Fiona, Cocks, Michelle L
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Paumgarten, Fiona , Cocks, Michelle L
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141360 , vital:37965 , DOI: 10.1080/13504500509469647
- Description: Trees provide a wide range of goods and services to rural households which, when incorporated into their livelihood strategies, help reduce their vulnerability to adversity. Governments and policy makers often ignore the contribution made by trees and consequently resources are focussed on cash crops and livestock. Villagers in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo Province, South Africa utilise a range of trees from home-gardens for various purposes, although predominantly for fruit and shade. Trees are either planted or actively retained in households' home-gardens. There were noticeable differences between the villages in the Eastern Cape and those in Limpopo Province, particularly with respect to the overall density of trees per hectare and the number of species per household, both being significantly greater in Limpopo Province. The five most preferred species were listed for each village, revealing a preference for exotic fruit trees in Limpopo Province and a mix of exotic fruit trees and shade trees in the Eastern Cape. Households also retained useful indigenous species, predominantly fruit-bearing species. A range of factors constrain tree growing in home-gardens and households engage in practices to grow and maintain their trees. Not all of these constraints and practices were significantly different between the various localities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Paumgarten, Fiona , Cocks, Michelle L
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141360 , vital:37965 , DOI: 10.1080/13504500509469647
- Description: Trees provide a wide range of goods and services to rural households which, when incorporated into their livelihood strategies, help reduce their vulnerability to adversity. Governments and policy makers often ignore the contribution made by trees and consequently resources are focussed on cash crops and livestock. Villagers in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo Province, South Africa utilise a range of trees from home-gardens for various purposes, although predominantly for fruit and shade. Trees are either planted or actively retained in households' home-gardens. There were noticeable differences between the villages in the Eastern Cape and those in Limpopo Province, particularly with respect to the overall density of trees per hectare and the number of species per household, both being significantly greater in Limpopo Province. The five most preferred species were listed for each village, revealing a preference for exotic fruit trees in Limpopo Province and a mix of exotic fruit trees and shade trees in the Eastern Cape. Households also retained useful indigenous species, predominantly fruit-bearing species. A range of factors constrain tree growing in home-gardens and households engage in practices to grow and maintain their trees. Not all of these constraints and practices were significantly different between the various localities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Conservation, commercialisation and confusion: Harvesting of Ischyrolepis in a coastal forest, South Africa
- Shackleton, Charlie M, Parkin, Fiona, Chauke, Maphambe I, Downsborough, Linda, Olsen, Ashleigh, Brill, Greg, Weideman, Craig I
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Parkin, Fiona , Chauke, Maphambe I , Downsborough, Linda , Olsen, Ashleigh , Brill, Greg , Weideman, Craig I
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181169 , vital:43704 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9106-3"
- Description: Harvesting of non-timber forest products is an integral component of rural livelihoods throughout the developing world. At times this is at odds with conservation objectives. Reconciliation of the two requires examination of local level contexts and needs. This paper reports on the harvesting needs for Ischyrolepis by a rural community in South Africa, against the setting that they had recently been prohibited from harvesting by the local conservation officials. Interviews were conducted with conservation officials to understand the reasoning for the prohibition. Local demand for Ischyrolepis was assessed by household surveys, as well as in-depth interviews with traders. The density and size class distribution of Ischyrolepis was determined using transects. The total annual demand for Ischyrolepis was determined to be approximately only 2.7% of the standing crop. The bulk of the annual demand was for small-scale trade, the income from which was a primary source of income for the few harvesters. Very little evidence could be found indicating that harvesting was damaging the resource or its habitat, and local knowledge suggested that the abundance of the species was stimulated by harvesting. Even if market demand were to increase, the size of the shoots required means that less than 20% of the standing crop could be harvested annually. Current regulations around harvesting are in a state of revision, and hence confusion prevails regarding if harvesting is permissible, and if so, under what conditions, which is detrimental to both conservation and livelihoods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Parkin, Fiona , Chauke, Maphambe I , Downsborough, Linda , Olsen, Ashleigh , Brill, Greg , Weideman, Craig I
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181169 , vital:43704 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-007-9106-3"
- Description: Harvesting of non-timber forest products is an integral component of rural livelihoods throughout the developing world. At times this is at odds with conservation objectives. Reconciliation of the two requires examination of local level contexts and needs. This paper reports on the harvesting needs for Ischyrolepis by a rural community in South Africa, against the setting that they had recently been prohibited from harvesting by the local conservation officials. Interviews were conducted with conservation officials to understand the reasoning for the prohibition. Local demand for Ischyrolepis was assessed by household surveys, as well as in-depth interviews with traders. The density and size class distribution of Ischyrolepis was determined using transects. The total annual demand for Ischyrolepis was determined to be approximately only 2.7% of the standing crop. The bulk of the annual demand was for small-scale trade, the income from which was a primary source of income for the few harvesters. Very little evidence could be found indicating that harvesting was damaging the resource or its habitat, and local knowledge suggested that the abundance of the species was stimulated by harvesting. Even if market demand were to increase, the size of the shoots required means that less than 20% of the standing crop could be harvested annually. Current regulations around harvesting are in a state of revision, and hence confusion prevails regarding if harvesting is permissible, and if so, under what conditions, which is detrimental to both conservation and livelihoods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009