Photophysical and photochemical behavior of electrospun fibers of a polyurethane polymer chemically linked to lutetium carboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine
- Zugle, Ruhpino, Litwinski, Christian, Torto, Nelson, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Zugle, Ruhpino , Litwinski, Christian , Torto, Nelson , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/248428 , vital:51685 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C1NJ20126C"
- Description: A phthalocyanine complex of lutetium substituted with four peripherally substituted 4-carboxyphenoxy groups was synthesized using cyclotetramerisation reaction. Its structure was elucidated using conventional spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The spectral behavior of the complex was studied in DMF solution and in a solid polyurethane fiber matrix. The UV-Visible spectrum showed a red shift in its Q-band maximum absorption within the fiber as compared to that in solution. The triplet quantum yield in DMF was determined to be 0.51 with a lifetime of 2.7 μs and a singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.33 with a lifetime of 19.85 μs in the same solvent. The functionalized phthalocyanine fiber could be a promising fabric material for applications such as self-disinfecting in wound dressing. A method based on the conversion of ADMA was used to estimate the singlet oxygen quantum yield of the Pc in the hybrid fiber. An estimated singlet oxygen quantum yield value of 0.11 in aqueous medium was obtained. The fluorescence quantum yield of the Pc was found to be 0.01 with a lifetime of 3.20 ns in DMF.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Zugle, Ruhpino , Litwinski, Christian , Torto, Nelson , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/248428 , vital:51685 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C1NJ20126C"
- Description: A phthalocyanine complex of lutetium substituted with four peripherally substituted 4-carboxyphenoxy groups was synthesized using cyclotetramerisation reaction. Its structure was elucidated using conventional spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The spectral behavior of the complex was studied in DMF solution and in a solid polyurethane fiber matrix. The UV-Visible spectrum showed a red shift in its Q-band maximum absorption within the fiber as compared to that in solution. The triplet quantum yield in DMF was determined to be 0.51 with a lifetime of 2.7 μs and a singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.33 with a lifetime of 19.85 μs in the same solvent. The functionalized phthalocyanine fiber could be a promising fabric material for applications such as self-disinfecting in wound dressing. A method based on the conversion of ADMA was used to estimate the singlet oxygen quantum yield of the Pc in the hybrid fiber. An estimated singlet oxygen quantum yield value of 0.11 in aqueous medium was obtained. The fluorescence quantum yield of the Pc was found to be 0.01 with a lifetime of 3.20 ns in DMF.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Photophysical behavior of zinc monoaminophthalocyanines linked to mercaptopropionic acid-capped CdTe quantum dots
- D'Souza, Sarah, Antunes, Edith M, Litwinski, Christian, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: D'Souza, Sarah , Antunes, Edith M , Litwinski, Christian , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247634 , vital:51602 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.03.005"
- Description: Photosensitizing properties of zinc monoaminophthalocyanine (2) {in the absence or presence of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs)} were compared with those of mono-aminophenoxy zinc phthalocyanine (3), zinc tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine and zinc phthalocyanine. Complexes 2 and 3 were also linked to the MPA capped CdTe quantum dots through the formation of an amide bond. High triplet state quantum yields were obtained for the linked QD–phthalocyanine derivatives (complexes 2 and 3) compared to when complexes 2 and 3 were mixed with MPA QDs without a chemical bond.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: D'Souza, Sarah , Antunes, Edith M , Litwinski, Christian , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247634 , vital:51602 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.03.005"
- Description: Photosensitizing properties of zinc monoaminophthalocyanine (2) {in the absence or presence of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs)} were compared with those of mono-aminophenoxy zinc phthalocyanine (3), zinc tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine and zinc phthalocyanine. Complexes 2 and 3 were also linked to the MPA capped CdTe quantum dots through the formation of an amide bond. High triplet state quantum yields were obtained for the linked QD–phthalocyanine derivatives (complexes 2 and 3) compared to when complexes 2 and 3 were mixed with MPA QDs without a chemical bond.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Photophysical behaviour of asymmetrically substituted metal free, Mg and Zn phthalocyanines in the presence of folic acid
- Nombona, Nolwazi, Chidawanyika, Wadzanai J U, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Nombona, Nolwazi , Chidawanyika, Wadzanai J U , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247705 , vital:51608 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2010.11.033"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis, characterisation and photophysical properties of new asymmetric metal free, magnesium and zinc phthalocyanines containing a mono carboxylic acid group for possible linking to biological molecules via an amide bond. Successful synthesis of the phthalocyanines was achieved through the statistical condensation method. The phthalocyanines were mixed with folic acid and their photophysical properties were examined. The triplet quantum yield values for all the complexes in DMSO were between 0.49 and 0.74 and in the presence of folic acid they were between 0.37 and 0.63. The lifetimes were generally good ranging from 70 to 290 μs in the absence or presence of folic acid.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Nombona, Nolwazi , Chidawanyika, Wadzanai J U , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247705 , vital:51608 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2010.11.033"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis, characterisation and photophysical properties of new asymmetric metal free, magnesium and zinc phthalocyanines containing a mono carboxylic acid group for possible linking to biological molecules via an amide bond. Successful synthesis of the phthalocyanines was achieved through the statistical condensation method. The phthalocyanines were mixed with folic acid and their photophysical properties were examined. The triplet quantum yield values for all the complexes in DMSO were between 0.49 and 0.74 and in the presence of folic acid they were between 0.37 and 0.63. The lifetimes were generally good ranging from 70 to 290 μs in the absence or presence of folic acid.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Photophysical characterization of dysprosium, erbium and lutetium phthalocyanines tetrasubstituted with phenoxy groups at non-peripheral positions
- Zugle, Ruphino, Litwinski, Christian, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Zugle, Ruphino , Litwinski, Christian , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247561 , vital:51595 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2011.03.030"
- Description: Dysprosium bis-phthalocyanine and monomeric phthalocyanines of erbium and lutetium with non-peripheral phenoxy substituents have been synthesized using two different preparative routes. Photophysical studies on these phthalocyanines revealed that the triplet states of dysprosium and erbium are not populated while the monomeric phthalocyanine complex of lutetium is populated with a quantum yield of 0.83 and a lifetime of 25 μs in DMSO. It was further found that the phthalocyanine complex of lutetium was capable of photochemical generation of singlet state molecular oxygen with yield of 0.71 in THF, thus a promising photosensitizer. However, the three phthalocyanine molecules have very low fluorescence quantum yields of less than 0.01.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Zugle, Ruphino , Litwinski, Christian , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247561 , vital:51595 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2011.03.030"
- Description: Dysprosium bis-phthalocyanine and monomeric phthalocyanines of erbium and lutetium with non-peripheral phenoxy substituents have been synthesized using two different preparative routes. Photophysical studies on these phthalocyanines revealed that the triplet states of dysprosium and erbium are not populated while the monomeric phthalocyanine complex of lutetium is populated with a quantum yield of 0.83 and a lifetime of 25 μs in DMSO. It was further found that the phthalocyanine complex of lutetium was capable of photochemical generation of singlet state molecular oxygen with yield of 0.71 in THF, thus a promising photosensitizer. However, the three phthalocyanine molecules have very low fluorescence quantum yields of less than 0.01.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Phototransformation of 4-nitrophenol using Pd phthalocyanines supported on single walled carbon nanotubes
- Ogunbayo, Taofeek B, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Ogunbayo, Taofeek B , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247800 , vital:51619 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2011.01.016"
- Description: Adsorption of palladium phthalocyanines complexes on single walled carbon nanotubes was carried out. The resulting composites were employed as catalysts for heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in aqueous media. Singlet oxygen was found to be involved in the phototransformation of 4-NP. Gas chromatographic separation gave hydroquinone and benzoquinone as the phototransformation products. Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model was employed to evaluate the adsorption and desorption equilibria of the reactants and the products. 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dodecylthiophthalocyaninato) palladium(II) and 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(dodecylthio phthalocyaninato) palladium, containing the longest alkyl chain gave the best performances.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Ogunbayo, Taofeek B , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247800 , vital:51619 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2011.01.016"
- Description: Adsorption of palladium phthalocyanines complexes on single walled carbon nanotubes was carried out. The resulting composites were employed as catalysts for heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in aqueous media. Singlet oxygen was found to be involved in the phototransformation of 4-NP. Gas chromatographic separation gave hydroquinone and benzoquinone as the phototransformation products. Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model was employed to evaluate the adsorption and desorption equilibria of the reactants and the products. 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(dodecylthiophthalocyaninato) palladium(II) and 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(dodecylthio phthalocyaninato) palladium, containing the longest alkyl chain gave the best performances.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Physical, political and local practice factors as barriers to agricultural development: a case of the Kat River valley, South Africa
- Mbatha, Cyril N, Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Authors: Mbatha, Cyril N , Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142947 , vital:38178 , DOI: 10.2174/1874923201104010091
- Description: The Kat River Valley, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, provided a case study against which propositions of determinants of economic development were tested. Physical location was found to matter in determining the level of development and economic leverage which Middle Kat farmers had compared to those downstream in accordance with Bromley's (1982) proposition. Physical location, however, was not a determining factor for farmers in the Upper Kat River who were the least developed. As predicted by Ostrom (1990), high transaction costs stemming from information asymmetries, selfish interests coupled with poor leadership, an unequal distribution of power and the flouting of formal agreements ensured the demise of a once successful Hacop project in the Upper Kat. Finally, Hirschman's (1960) much earlier line of argument was supported in that the nature of proposed development programmes and the compatibility with community values or ‘self images’ contributed to the lack of success of an externally initiated development effort. The findings and conclusion serve an important lesson to economic researchers and decision makers not to duplicate policies for implementation in all geographical and social contexts on the basis of their success elsewhere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mbatha, Cyril N , Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142947 , vital:38178 , DOI: 10.2174/1874923201104010091
- Description: The Kat River Valley, in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, provided a case study against which propositions of determinants of economic development were tested. Physical location was found to matter in determining the level of development and economic leverage which Middle Kat farmers had compared to those downstream in accordance with Bromley's (1982) proposition. Physical location, however, was not a determining factor for farmers in the Upper Kat River who were the least developed. As predicted by Ostrom (1990), high transaction costs stemming from information asymmetries, selfish interests coupled with poor leadership, an unequal distribution of power and the flouting of formal agreements ensured the demise of a once successful Hacop project in the Upper Kat. Finally, Hirschman's (1960) much earlier line of argument was supported in that the nature of proposed development programmes and the compatibility with community values or ‘self images’ contributed to the lack of success of an externally initiated development effort. The findings and conclusion serve an important lesson to economic researchers and decision makers not to duplicate policies for implementation in all geographical and social contexts on the basis of their success elsewhere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Polygamy in the recognition of Customary Marriages Act:
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141809 , vital:38006 , DOI: 10.1080/10130950.2009.9676275
- Description: The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act (RCMA) 1998, recognises customary marriages which are “negotiated, celebrated or concluded according to any of the systems of indigenous African customary law which exist in South Africa” including polygamous marriages. The Act arises in the context of South Africa's Constitution which bans discrimination on grounds of culture and sexual orientation and allows for heterogeneity in its definitions of marriage and the family. A pluralist approach to family jurisprudence, however, is sometimes conceived of as setting up an irresolvable tension between the constitutional commitment to gender equality and protection for patriarchal prerogatives sanctioned by customary law. The fact that rights sometimes collide with one another is one of the reasons why it is impossible always to treat rights as absolute. When rights clash the question that arises is which of the rights that find themselves in tension with one another should give way and why?
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141809 , vital:38006 , DOI: 10.1080/10130950.2009.9676275
- Description: The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act (RCMA) 1998, recognises customary marriages which are “negotiated, celebrated or concluded according to any of the systems of indigenous African customary law which exist in South Africa” including polygamous marriages. The Act arises in the context of South Africa's Constitution which bans discrimination on grounds of culture and sexual orientation and allows for heterogeneity in its definitions of marriage and the family. A pluralist approach to family jurisprudence, however, is sometimes conceived of as setting up an irresolvable tension between the constitutional commitment to gender equality and protection for patriarchal prerogatives sanctioned by customary law. The fact that rights sometimes collide with one another is one of the reasons why it is impossible always to treat rights as absolute. When rights clash the question that arises is which of the rights that find themselves in tension with one another should give way and why?
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Porphyrin nanorods modified glassy carbon electrode for the electrocatalysis of dioxygen, methanol and hydrazine
- George, Reama C, Mugadza, Tawanda, Khene, Samson, Egharevba, Gabriel O, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: George, Reama C , Mugadza, Tawanda , Khene, Samson , Egharevba, Gabriel O , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247388 , vital:51576 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100081"
- Description: Porphyrin nanorods (PNR) were prepared by ionic self-assembly of two oppositely charged porphyrin molecules consisting of free base meso-tetraphenylsulfonate porphyrin (H4TPPS42−) and meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MTMePyP4+M=Sn, Mn, In, Co). These consist of H4TPPS42−SnTMePyP4+, H4TPPS42−CoTMePyP4+, H4TPPS42−InTMePyP4+ and H4TPPS42−MnTMePyP4+ porphyrin nanorods. The absorption spectra and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of these structures were obtained. These porphyrin nanostructures were used to modify a glassy carbon electrode for the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen, and the oxidation of hydrazine and methanol at low pH. The cyclic voltammogram of PNR-modified GCE in pH 2 buffer solution has five irreversible processes, two distinct reduction processes and three oxidation processes. The porphyrin nanorods modified GCE produce good responses especially towards oxygen reduction at −0.50 V vs. Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl). The process of electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using PNR-modified GCE begins at 0.71 V vs. Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl). The electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine began at around 0.36 V on H4TPPS42−SnTMePyP4+ modified GCE. The GCE modified with H4TPPS42−CoTMePyP4+ H4TPPS42−InTMePyP4+ and H4TPPS42−MnTMePyP4+ porphyrin nanorods began oxidizing hydrazine at 0.54 V, 0.59 V and 0.56 V, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: George, Reama C , Mugadza, Tawanda , Khene, Samson , Egharevba, Gabriel O , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247388 , vital:51576 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201100081"
- Description: Porphyrin nanorods (PNR) were prepared by ionic self-assembly of two oppositely charged porphyrin molecules consisting of free base meso-tetraphenylsulfonate porphyrin (H4TPPS42−) and meso-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin (MTMePyP4+M=Sn, Mn, In, Co). These consist of H4TPPS42−SnTMePyP4+, H4TPPS42−CoTMePyP4+, H4TPPS42−InTMePyP4+ and H4TPPS42−MnTMePyP4+ porphyrin nanorods. The absorption spectra and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images of these structures were obtained. These porphyrin nanostructures were used to modify a glassy carbon electrode for the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen, and the oxidation of hydrazine and methanol at low pH. The cyclic voltammogram of PNR-modified GCE in pH 2 buffer solution has five irreversible processes, two distinct reduction processes and three oxidation processes. The porphyrin nanorods modified GCE produce good responses especially towards oxygen reduction at −0.50 V vs. Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl). The process of electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol using PNR-modified GCE begins at 0.71 V vs. Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl). The electrochemical oxidation of hydrazine began at around 0.36 V on H4TPPS42−SnTMePyP4+ modified GCE. The GCE modified with H4TPPS42−CoTMePyP4+ H4TPPS42−InTMePyP4+ and H4TPPS42−MnTMePyP4+ porphyrin nanorods began oxidizing hydrazine at 0.54 V, 0.59 V and 0.56 V, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Privatisation, human rights and security: reflections on the draft international convention on regulation, oversight and monitoring of private military and security companies
- Authors: Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128800 , vital:36160 , http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ldd.v15i1.3
- Description: Efforts to establish regulatory frameworks for private military/security companies (PMSCs), driven by public security concerns as well as private interests of the companies themselves, have yielded a number of soft law instruments. Unfortunately, most of these instruments are conditioned by the underlying interests of their promulgators and have therefore failed to establish universally acceptable regulatory standards.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/128800 , vital:36160 , http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ldd.v15i1.3
- Description: Efforts to establish regulatory frameworks for private military/security companies (PMSCs), driven by public security concerns as well as private interests of the companies themselves, have yielded a number of soft law instruments. Unfortunately, most of these instruments are conditioned by the underlying interests of their promulgators and have therefore failed to establish universally acceptable regulatory standards.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Redox activity of CdTe quantum dots linked to nickel tetraaminophthalocyanine
- Khene, Samson, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Khene, Samson , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/246457 , vital:51478 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.06.024"
- Description: Cadmium tellurite quantum dots (CdTe-QDs) are linked to nickel tetraamino phthalocyanine (CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc) through an amide bond. Differential pulse voltammetry shows that that NiTAPc stabilizes the QDs against oxidative disintegration into metallic products on oxidation. Electrocatalytic oxidation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) on CdTe-QDs and CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc adsorbed or electrodeposited onto a gold electrode were studied. Adsorbed CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc shows the lowest potential for DCP and PCP oxidation and it is also more stable to fouling by PCP and its oxidation products compared to adsorbed CdTe-QDs without NiTAPc. Electrodeposited CdTe-QDs or CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc show the best activity in terms of enhanced currents towards the oxidation of the chlorophenols.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Khene, Samson , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/246457 , vital:51478 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.06.024"
- Description: Cadmium tellurite quantum dots (CdTe-QDs) are linked to nickel tetraamino phthalocyanine (CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc) through an amide bond. Differential pulse voltammetry shows that that NiTAPc stabilizes the QDs against oxidative disintegration into metallic products on oxidation. Electrocatalytic oxidation of 2, 4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) on CdTe-QDs and CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc adsorbed or electrodeposited onto a gold electrode were studied. Adsorbed CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc shows the lowest potential for DCP and PCP oxidation and it is also more stable to fouling by PCP and its oxidation products compared to adsorbed CdTe-QDs without NiTAPc. Electrodeposited CdTe-QDs or CdTe-QDs-NiTAPc show the best activity in terms of enhanced currents towards the oxidation of the chlorophenols.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Remains to be said: The "um" in art and other disfluencies
- Authors: de Jager, Maureen
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147369 , vital:38630 , https://0-hdl.handle.net.wam.seals.ac.za/10520/EJC45815
- Description: Taking as my starting point an artwork of "fillers" - a 2010 sound piece by Fine Art student Romie Sciscio foregrounding the disfluent speech of various visiting academics to the Department of Fine Art, Rhodes University - I propose that speech disfluencies such as "um", "kind of" and "I suppose" should not simply be derided as white noise or verbal graffiti. Rather, filled pauses - understood both literally and metaphorically - may be seen to function critically, precisely because they are located neither inside nor outside the "message" of speech. They hover between presence and absence, seemingly content-less and yet dimly portentous: they do and do not matter to meaning. As such, they require (or provoke and demand) a different kind of listening - the acoustic equivalent of reading between the lines.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: de Jager, Maureen
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/147369 , vital:38630 , https://0-hdl.handle.net.wam.seals.ac.za/10520/EJC45815
- Description: Taking as my starting point an artwork of "fillers" - a 2010 sound piece by Fine Art student Romie Sciscio foregrounding the disfluent speech of various visiting academics to the Department of Fine Art, Rhodes University - I propose that speech disfluencies such as "um", "kind of" and "I suppose" should not simply be derided as white noise or verbal graffiti. Rather, filled pauses - understood both literally and metaphorically - may be seen to function critically, precisely because they are located neither inside nor outside the "message" of speech. They hover between presence and absence, seemingly content-less and yet dimly portentous: they do and do not matter to meaning. As such, they require (or provoke and demand) a different kind of listening - the acoustic equivalent of reading between the lines.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Report on the Mesozoic volcanic and intrusive rocks on the Namibe Basin, Southwest Angola:
- Authors: Marsh, Julian S
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144846 , vital:38384
- Description: The Bero Volcanic Complex comprises a diverse group of quartz latite and tholeiitic basalt lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits, aeolian sandstones as well as intrusive tholeiitic mafic dykes and gabbros. Only the silicic members of this suite have received prior attention being referred to as “granitic porphyries” by Carvalho (1961) who regarded them as being Precambrian in age. Alberti et al.(1992) informally referred to these silicic rocks as the ‘Giraul Volcanics’ and correlated them with the early Cretaceous Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province of Brazil and Namibia.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Marsh, Julian S
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144846 , vital:38384
- Description: The Bero Volcanic Complex comprises a diverse group of quartz latite and tholeiitic basalt lavas, pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits, aeolian sandstones as well as intrusive tholeiitic mafic dykes and gabbros. Only the silicic members of this suite have received prior attention being referred to as “granitic porphyries” by Carvalho (1961) who regarded them as being Precambrian in age. Alberti et al.(1992) informally referred to these silicic rocks as the ‘Giraul Volcanics’ and correlated them with the early Cretaceous Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province of Brazil and Namibia.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Rethinking ‘actually-existing’ public spheres:
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159869 , vital:40351 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2011.621292
- Description: The idea of the usefulness and efficacy of the public sphere, and the notion of publicness it employs, is one which continues to resonate in modern-day liberal democracies as a mechanism to engage citizens in national matters. It also serves as a check on unfettered power and particularly as a rationale for the news media and their operations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Garman, Anthea
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159869 , vital:40351 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2011.621292
- Description: The idea of the usefulness and efficacy of the public sphere, and the notion of publicness it employs, is one which continues to resonate in modern-day liberal democracies as a mechanism to engage citizens in national matters. It also serves as a check on unfettered power and particularly as a rationale for the news media and their operations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Seducing the people: populism and the challenge to democracy in South Africa
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141668 , vital:37995 , DOI: 10.1080/02589001.2011.533056
- Description: Recent ructions in South Africa's ruling African National Congress have been described from time to time in the media as signalling a dangerous shift towards ‘populism’. The article examines this contention. It argues that South Africa is witnessing a significant challenge to the founding precepts of constitutional democracy. This challenge emanates from the (populist) equation of democracy with ‘the will of the people’. The article unpacks some of the implications of reducing democracy to majoritarianism. It provides also an analysis of why populist appeals of various kinds have been so appealing to South African voters 15 years into democracy. The article argues that the challenges that are currently being experienced in relation to democratisation in South Africa have to do with the inherent tension between the animating ideology of democracy, which suggests that power resides with the people, and the practical functioning of democracy, which relies on the devolution of power to the representatives chosen by a section of the people who rely on order and predictability in the polity in order to govern in a workable way. Populist appeals, it is argued, exploit this tension. But what makes it possible for this strategy to succeed is the failure on the part of political elites to engage in the process of building democracy by way of inculcating respect for democratic values.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141668 , vital:37995 , DOI: 10.1080/02589001.2011.533056
- Description: Recent ructions in South Africa's ruling African National Congress have been described from time to time in the media as signalling a dangerous shift towards ‘populism’. The article examines this contention. It argues that South Africa is witnessing a significant challenge to the founding precepts of constitutional democracy. This challenge emanates from the (populist) equation of democracy with ‘the will of the people’. The article unpacks some of the implications of reducing democracy to majoritarianism. It provides also an analysis of why populist appeals of various kinds have been so appealing to South African voters 15 years into democracy. The article argues that the challenges that are currently being experienced in relation to democratisation in South Africa have to do with the inherent tension between the animating ideology of democracy, which suggests that power resides with the people, and the practical functioning of democracy, which relies on the devolution of power to the representatives chosen by a section of the people who rely on order and predictability in the polity in order to govern in a workable way. Populist appeals, it is argued, exploit this tension. But what makes it possible for this strategy to succeed is the failure on the part of political elites to engage in the process of building democracy by way of inculcating respect for democratic values.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Selection and characterization of suitable lipid excipients for use in the manufacture of didanosine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers
- Kasongo, Kasongo W, Pardeike, Jana, Muller, Rainer H, Walker, Roderick B
- Authors: Kasongo, Kasongo W , Pardeike, Jana , Muller, Rainer H , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184016 , vital:44156 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.22711"
- Description: This research aimed to evaluate the suitability of lipids for the manufacture of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with the hydrophilic drug, didanosine (DDI). The crystalline state and polymorphism of lipids with the best‐solubulizing potential for DDI was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS). DSC and WAXS were also used to determine potential interactions between the bulk lipids and DDI. Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP showed the best‐solubilizing potential for DDI. Precirol® ATO 5 exists in the β‐modification before heating; however, a mixture of both α‐ and β‐modifications were detected following heating. Addition of Transcutol® HP to Precirol® ATO 5 changes the polymorphism of the latter from the β‐modification to a form that exhibits coexistence of the α‐ and β‐modifications. DDI exists in a crystalline state when dispersed at 5% (w/w) in Precirol® ATO 5 or in a Precirol® ATO 5/Transcutol® HP mixture. DSC and WAXS profiles of DDI/bulk lipids mixture obtained before and after exposure to heat revealed no interactions between DDI and the lipids. Precirol® ATO 5 and a mixture of Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP may be used to manufacture DDI‐loaded SLN and NLC, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Kasongo, Kasongo W , Pardeike, Jana , Muller, Rainer H , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184016 , vital:44156 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.22711"
- Description: This research aimed to evaluate the suitability of lipids for the manufacture of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with the hydrophilic drug, didanosine (DDI). The crystalline state and polymorphism of lipids with the best‐solubulizing potential for DDI was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS). DSC and WAXS were also used to determine potential interactions between the bulk lipids and DDI. Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP showed the best‐solubilizing potential for DDI. Precirol® ATO 5 exists in the β‐modification before heating; however, a mixture of both α‐ and β‐modifications were detected following heating. Addition of Transcutol® HP to Precirol® ATO 5 changes the polymorphism of the latter from the β‐modification to a form that exhibits coexistence of the α‐ and β‐modifications. DDI exists in a crystalline state when dispersed at 5% (w/w) in Precirol® ATO 5 or in a Precirol® ATO 5/Transcutol® HP mixture. DSC and WAXS profiles of DDI/bulk lipids mixture obtained before and after exposure to heat revealed no interactions between DDI and the lipids. Precirol® ATO 5 and a mixture of Precirol® ATO 5 and Transcutol® HP may be used to manufacture DDI‐loaded SLN and NLC, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Selective adsorption of PVP on the surface of silver nanoparticles
- Mdluli, Phumlani S, Sosibo, Ndabenhle M, Mashazi, Philani N, Nyokong, Tebello, Tshikhudo, Robert T, Skepu, Amanda, van der Lingen, Elma
- Authors: Mdluli, Phumlani S , Sosibo, Ndabenhle M , Mashazi, Philani N , Nyokong, Tebello , Tshikhudo, Robert T , Skepu, Amanda , van der Lingen, Elma
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247143 , vital:51550 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.049"
- Description: The use of surfactants to affect the shape evolution of silver nanoparticles is explored. This allows one to fine-tune the morphological evolution and the optical properties of the metal nanoparticles. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) has been used as a surfactant to control the growth of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand regio-selective adsorption of PVP that leads to the preferential growth of silver nanoparticles in dimethylformamide (DMF). The interaction energies between PVP and Ag(1 1 0), Ag(1 0 0) and Ag(1 1 1) crystal planes were calculated and in addition the length density profile of the surfactant on silver surfaces was also examined. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that the length distribution profiles analysis obtained from the molecular dynamics study fully explained the adsorption of PVP on the surface of silver nanoparticles through the carbonyl group of the PVP ring. The application of molecular dynamics simulation technique is important in understanding the evolution of silver nanoparticles and is vital in choosing the right surfactants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mdluli, Phumlani S , Sosibo, Ndabenhle M , Mashazi, Philani N , Nyokong, Tebello , Tshikhudo, Robert T , Skepu, Amanda , van der Lingen, Elma
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247143 , vital:51550 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.049"
- Description: The use of surfactants to affect the shape evolution of silver nanoparticles is explored. This allows one to fine-tune the morphological evolution and the optical properties of the metal nanoparticles. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) has been used as a surfactant to control the growth of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand regio-selective adsorption of PVP that leads to the preferential growth of silver nanoparticles in dimethylformamide (DMF). The interaction energies between PVP and Ag(1 1 0), Ag(1 0 0) and Ag(1 1 1) crystal planes were calculated and in addition the length density profile of the surfactant on silver surfaces was also examined. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that the length distribution profiles analysis obtained from the molecular dynamics study fully explained the adsorption of PVP on the surface of silver nanoparticles through the carbonyl group of the PVP ring. The application of molecular dynamics simulation technique is important in understanding the evolution of silver nanoparticles and is vital in choosing the right surfactants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Shaking a hornets' nest: pitfalls of abortion counselling in a secular constitutional order–a view from South Africa
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141521 , vital:37982 , DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2011.627469
- Description: There exists an enormous gulf between the aspirations of South Africa's abortion legislation – among the most liberal in the world – and its implementation. One weakness in the provision of abortion services in South Africa is the absence of comprehensive abortion counselling services. On the face of it, the idea that counselling ought, as a matter of course, to be a significant component of a country's termination of pregnancy service provision, seems both straightforwardly sensible and politically innocent. This paper describes how abortion counselling has historically, in many different contexts, been saturated with questionable assumptions about women and their bodies. Counselling has more often than not been deployed, either as the formal policy of states or through informal mechanisms, as a means of curbing the right to abortion rather than deepening the meaning of that right. Differing approaches to counselling emerge as a reflection of contestations over reproductive and gender politics. Specifying an appropriate model for the provision of state-sponsored abortion counselling in the public health sector of a secular constitutional state provokes more of a hornet's nest of dilemmas than is sometimes supposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141521 , vital:37982 , DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2011.627469
- Description: There exists an enormous gulf between the aspirations of South Africa's abortion legislation – among the most liberal in the world – and its implementation. One weakness in the provision of abortion services in South Africa is the absence of comprehensive abortion counselling services. On the face of it, the idea that counselling ought, as a matter of course, to be a significant component of a country's termination of pregnancy service provision, seems both straightforwardly sensible and politically innocent. This paper describes how abortion counselling has historically, in many different contexts, been saturated with questionable assumptions about women and their bodies. Counselling has more often than not been deployed, either as the formal policy of states or through informal mechanisms, as a means of curbing the right to abortion rather than deepening the meaning of that right. Differing approaches to counselling emerge as a reflection of contestations over reproductive and gender politics. Specifying an appropriate model for the provision of state-sponsored abortion counselling in the public health sector of a secular constitutional state provokes more of a hornet's nest of dilemmas than is sometimes supposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Simulating Collective agency: Joint purpose, presence and power as Constraints to learning in a social Context
- Authors: Kulundu, Injairu
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/386530 , vital:68149 , xlink:href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/view/122249"
- Description: This paper reflects on the practice of social learning by using my experiences as a social development practitioner in two projects. The first, the Arkwork Collective, is an art-junk process that engages marginalised youth in Grahamstown, South Africa in a process that uses creative sculpture and drama to explore personal and social issues that exist in their immediate context. The second, Jonga Phambili Sinethemba looks into the impact of climate change and HIV/AIDS (amongst other issues) in the rural and peri-urban communities of Willowvale and Lesseyton in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It seeks to provide a platform where members of each community can define the vulnerabilities, capabilities, social networks in their areas with the aim of bolstering the adaptive capacity of these communities. Snippets of my experiences in these projects are shared with the intention of demonstrating constraints to learning in a social context. Key ideas that the paper explores include honouring the lived experiences of participants as part of the process, prioritising the participation of each individual present as part of the ongoing conversation, the challenge of surfacing the vital independent links of a collective, drawing on the reflective capacity of a diverse group, assessing the quality of participation, building capabilities for ‘response-ability’ and rethinking facilitation. Each section sets out challenges and questions for practitioners in this field to reflect on. The paper suggests that in order to achieve the laudable aims of social learning, we need to peel back the common rhetoric of its participatory aims and acknowledge the complexity, flexibility and dedication that it requires.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Kulundu, Injairu
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/386530 , vital:68149 , xlink:href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sajee/article/view/122249"
- Description: This paper reflects on the practice of social learning by using my experiences as a social development practitioner in two projects. The first, the Arkwork Collective, is an art-junk process that engages marginalised youth in Grahamstown, South Africa in a process that uses creative sculpture and drama to explore personal and social issues that exist in their immediate context. The second, Jonga Phambili Sinethemba looks into the impact of climate change and HIV/AIDS (amongst other issues) in the rural and peri-urban communities of Willowvale and Lesseyton in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It seeks to provide a platform where members of each community can define the vulnerabilities, capabilities, social networks in their areas with the aim of bolstering the adaptive capacity of these communities. Snippets of my experiences in these projects are shared with the intention of demonstrating constraints to learning in a social context. Key ideas that the paper explores include honouring the lived experiences of participants as part of the process, prioritising the participation of each individual present as part of the ongoing conversation, the challenge of surfacing the vital independent links of a collective, drawing on the reflective capacity of a diverse group, assessing the quality of participation, building capabilities for ‘response-ability’ and rethinking facilitation. Each section sets out challenges and questions for practitioners in this field to reflect on. The paper suggests that in order to achieve the laudable aims of social learning, we need to peel back the common rhetoric of its participatory aims and acknowledge the complexity, flexibility and dedication that it requires.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Small steps to equal dignity: the work of the South African equality courts
- Authors: Krüger, Rósaan
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68920 , vital:29339 , http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/ERR7_kruger.pdf
- Description: Publisher version , Introduction: “The South African Constitution is primarily and emphatically an egalitarian constitution. The supreme laws of comparable constitutional states may underscore other principles and rights. But in the light of our own particular history, and our vision for the future, a constitution was written with equality at its centre. Equality is our Constitution’s focus and organising principle.” Given the foundational role of equality in the South African constitutional framework, the drafters of the South African Constitution (the Constitution) directed the South African Parliament (Parliament) to enact legislation to “prevent or prohibit unfair discrimination” between individuals within three years of the enactment of the Constitution.3 Under great pressure, Parliament finalised and passed the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (the Equality Act) within two days of the constitutional deadline.4 The Equality Act, as the title indicates, addresses the promotion of equality on the one hand, and provides for reactive measures where the equality right is breached, on the other. The reactive provisions include the prohibition of unfair discrimination and related infringements of the equality right. The Equality Act expressly provides for the enforcement of its provisions in specifically created equality courts. The majority of the reactive provisions of the Equality Act have been operational since 16 June 2003. More than a decade after the enactment of the legislation, the promotional aspects of the Equality Act are yet to come into operation. This article focuses on the reactive provisions of the Equality Act by providing a snapshot of the work of selected South African equality courts for the period from June 2003 to December 2007 insofar as complaints of racism are concerned. In order to contextualise the application of the Equality Act, the article provides a brief overview of the reactive provisions of the Equality Act and the mechanisms for its enforcement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Krüger, Rósaan
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68920 , vital:29339 , http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/ERR7_kruger.pdf
- Description: Publisher version , Introduction: “The South African Constitution is primarily and emphatically an egalitarian constitution. The supreme laws of comparable constitutional states may underscore other principles and rights. But in the light of our own particular history, and our vision for the future, a constitution was written with equality at its centre. Equality is our Constitution’s focus and organising principle.” Given the foundational role of equality in the South African constitutional framework, the drafters of the South African Constitution (the Constitution) directed the South African Parliament (Parliament) to enact legislation to “prevent or prohibit unfair discrimination” between individuals within three years of the enactment of the Constitution.3 Under great pressure, Parliament finalised and passed the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act (the Equality Act) within two days of the constitutional deadline.4 The Equality Act, as the title indicates, addresses the promotion of equality on the one hand, and provides for reactive measures where the equality right is breached, on the other. The reactive provisions include the prohibition of unfair discrimination and related infringements of the equality right. The Equality Act expressly provides for the enforcement of its provisions in specifically created equality courts. The majority of the reactive provisions of the Equality Act have been operational since 16 June 2003. More than a decade after the enactment of the legislation, the promotional aspects of the Equality Act are yet to come into operation. This article focuses on the reactive provisions of the Equality Act by providing a snapshot of the work of selected South African equality courts for the period from June 2003 to December 2007 insofar as complaints of racism are concerned. In order to contextualise the application of the Equality Act, the article provides a brief overview of the reactive provisions of the Equality Act and the mechanisms for its enforcement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011
South Africa’s Abortion Values Clarification Workshops: an opportunity to deepen democratic communication missed
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141981 , vital:38021 , DOI: 10.1177/0021909610396161
- Description: A rich literature exists on local democracy and participation in South Africa. While the importance of participation is routinely built into the rhetoric of government, debate has increasingly focused on the dysfunctionality of participatory mechanisms and institutions in post-apartheid South Africa. Processes aimed ostensibly at empowering citizens, act in practice as instruments of social control, disempowerment and cooptation. The present article contributes to these debates by way of a critique of the approach used by the South African state, in partnership with the non-governmental sector, in what are called abortion ‘values clarification’ (VC) workshops. This article examines the workshop materials, methodology and pedagogical tools employed in South African abortion VC workshops which emanate from the organization Ipas — a global body working to enhance women’s sexual and reproductive rights and to reduce abortion-related deaths and injuries. VC workshops represent an instance of a more general trend in which participation is seen as a tool for generating legitimacy and ‘buy-in’ for central state directives rather than as a means for genuinely deepening democratic communication.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Vincent, Louise
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141981 , vital:38021 , DOI: 10.1177/0021909610396161
- Description: A rich literature exists on local democracy and participation in South Africa. While the importance of participation is routinely built into the rhetoric of government, debate has increasingly focused on the dysfunctionality of participatory mechanisms and institutions in post-apartheid South Africa. Processes aimed ostensibly at empowering citizens, act in practice as instruments of social control, disempowerment and cooptation. The present article contributes to these debates by way of a critique of the approach used by the South African state, in partnership with the non-governmental sector, in what are called abortion ‘values clarification’ (VC) workshops. This article examines the workshop materials, methodology and pedagogical tools employed in South African abortion VC workshops which emanate from the organization Ipas — a global body working to enhance women’s sexual and reproductive rights and to reduce abortion-related deaths and injuries. VC workshops represent an instance of a more general trend in which participation is seen as a tool for generating legitimacy and ‘buy-in’ for central state directives rather than as a means for genuinely deepening democratic communication.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011