Epidemiology, risk factors and molecular analysis of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa:
- S.D.Vasaikar, P.Hanise, D.T.Abaver
- Authors: S.D.Vasaikar , P.Hanise , D.T.Abaver
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Epidemiology Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Mthatha
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/3129 , vital:43143 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060467"
- Description: Abstract text. Background: The emergence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is an important threat to global health. Reported outcomes of infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are poor. Commonly used antibiotics are generally inactive against CRE. Therefore, timely detection of CRE is of paramount importance. This study aimed to investigate the resistance genes responsible for CRE in Mthatha and to identify risk factors. Methods and materials: Study design – Prospective cohort study. Study period – 23 April to 27 September 2019. Setting – Eastern Cape province, SA. Study population – All adult and paediatric CRE patients. CRE case definition according to CDC 2018. ID and AST-bioMérieux Vitek 2 system. Detection of the blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaVIM by the RESIST-4 OKNV assay (Coris). Patients were interviewed to determine risk factors associated with CRE. Results: Forty-four non-duplicate CRE patients were identified during the study period from microbiology lab at NMAH. Enterobacteriaceae species: K. pneumoniae 22 (61.4%), E. cloacae 10 (22.7%), E. coli 2 (4.5%) and K. oxytoca, P. rettgeri and M. morganii 1 each (4.3%). Adult patient 29 (65.9%0 and paediatric 15 (34.1%). Race: all black patients except one white. CRE genes-blaOXA-48 22 (50%), blaNDM 8 (18.2%), two isolates (4.5%) with both blaOXA and blaNDM. We did not find any blaKPC and blaVIM in our setting and 12 (27.2%) isolates were negative for all OKNV. Outcomes: Demised 18 (40.9%), still admitted in the ward 1 (2.3%), discharged home on basis of clinical grounds 22 (50%) and 3 (6.8%) were transferred back to the district hospitals. HAI in 27 (61.4%) with VAP 8, HABSI 8, CAUTI 5, SSI 3 and CLABSI in 3. Risk factors for CRE acquisition were antibiotic exposure 25 (58.7%), ICU stay 7 (15.9%), received medical care in last 6 months 35 (79.6%) and none travelled outside RSA. HIV positive – 19 (43.2%). Conclusion: In out setting our CRE mortality rate is 40.9%, common CRE genotypes are blaOXA-48 and blaNDM. K. pneumoniae is the most common CRE-producing Enterobacteriaceae and antibiotic exposure is an important risk factor in Mthatha and surrounding areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: S.D.Vasaikar , P.Hanise , D.T.Abaver
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Epidemiology Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Mthatha
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/3129 , vital:43143 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060467"
- Description: Abstract text. Background: The emergence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is an important threat to global health. Reported outcomes of infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are poor. Commonly used antibiotics are generally inactive against CRE. Therefore, timely detection of CRE is of paramount importance. This study aimed to investigate the resistance genes responsible for CRE in Mthatha and to identify risk factors. Methods and materials: Study design – Prospective cohort study. Study period – 23 April to 27 September 2019. Setting – Eastern Cape province, SA. Study population – All adult and paediatric CRE patients. CRE case definition according to CDC 2018. ID and AST-bioMérieux Vitek 2 system. Detection of the blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaVIM by the RESIST-4 OKNV assay (Coris). Patients were interviewed to determine risk factors associated with CRE. Results: Forty-four non-duplicate CRE patients were identified during the study period from microbiology lab at NMAH. Enterobacteriaceae species: K. pneumoniae 22 (61.4%), E. cloacae 10 (22.7%), E. coli 2 (4.5%) and K. oxytoca, P. rettgeri and M. morganii 1 each (4.3%). Adult patient 29 (65.9%0 and paediatric 15 (34.1%). Race: all black patients except one white. CRE genes-blaOXA-48 22 (50%), blaNDM 8 (18.2%), two isolates (4.5%) with both blaOXA and blaNDM. We did not find any blaKPC and blaVIM in our setting and 12 (27.2%) isolates were negative for all OKNV. Outcomes: Demised 18 (40.9%), still admitted in the ward 1 (2.3%), discharged home on basis of clinical grounds 22 (50%) and 3 (6.8%) were transferred back to the district hospitals. HAI in 27 (61.4%) with VAP 8, HABSI 8, CAUTI 5, SSI 3 and CLABSI in 3. Risk factors for CRE acquisition were antibiotic exposure 25 (58.7%), ICU stay 7 (15.9%), received medical care in last 6 months 35 (79.6%) and none travelled outside RSA. HIV positive – 19 (43.2%). Conclusion: In out setting our CRE mortality rate is 40.9%, common CRE genotypes are blaOXA-48 and blaNDM. K. pneumoniae is the most common CRE-producing Enterobacteriaceae and antibiotic exposure is an important risk factor in Mthatha and surrounding areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
The modulation of the photophysical and photodynamic therapy activities of a phthalocyanine by detonation nanodiamonds: Comparison with graphene quantum dots and carbon nanodots
- Matshitse, Refilwe, Managa, Muthumuni, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Matshitse, Refilwe , Managa, Muthumuni , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/186690 , vital:44525 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107617"
- Description: A positively charged phthalocyanine (2,9,16,23-tetrakis[4-(N-methylpyridyloxy)]-phthalocyanine (ZnTPPcQ)) was non-covalently linked to carbon based nanoparticles: detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs), carbon dots (CDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to form nanosembles of DNDs-ZnTPPcQ, GQDs-ZnTPPcQ and CDs-ZnTPPcQ, respectively. Irrespective of its small size and the least number of Pcs (41.67 μg loading per milligram of DNDs), DNDs-ZnTPPcQ gave the highest singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.62) in dimethyl sulfoxide compared to the rest of the conjugates. This resulted in superior PDT activity against MCF7 breast cancer lines, with the lowest cell viability of 28% compared to ZnTPPcQ-CDs and ZnTPPcQ-GQDs at 30.1 ± 0.02% and 31.4 ± 0.23%, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Matshitse, Refilwe , Managa, Muthumuni , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/186690 , vital:44525 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107617"
- Description: A positively charged phthalocyanine (2,9,16,23-tetrakis[4-(N-methylpyridyloxy)]-phthalocyanine (ZnTPPcQ)) was non-covalently linked to carbon based nanoparticles: detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs), carbon dots (CDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to form nanosembles of DNDs-ZnTPPcQ, GQDs-ZnTPPcQ and CDs-ZnTPPcQ, respectively. Irrespective of its small size and the least number of Pcs (41.67 μg loading per milligram of DNDs), DNDs-ZnTPPcQ gave the highest singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.62) in dimethyl sulfoxide compared to the rest of the conjugates. This resulted in superior PDT activity against MCF7 breast cancer lines, with the lowest cell viability of 28% compared to ZnTPPcQ-CDs and ZnTPPcQ-GQDs at 30.1 ± 0.02% and 31.4 ± 0.23%, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Creative Cities and Regional Development: the Case of Makhanda and the Creative City Project
- Authors: Campbell, Guy John
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Creative City , Regional development , Cultural economics , Creative economy , Cultural industry , Creative industries
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/174448 , vital:42478
- Description: The ‘Creative City’ is a popular term describing a method of regional/urban development through the development of creative and cultural industries (CCIs). Research into this topic has mostly focused on large cities in developed nations. Research into its applicability to small, underdeveloped regions located in developing nations has been severely limited. This research drew on the creative city theory of Richard Florida (2002) and other relevant literature in the realm of creative and cultural economics. The extent to which the ‘Creative City’ Project of Makhanda, located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, was successful in meeting its stated goals was assessed. The institutional frameworks and operational context of the project were investigated. A mixed-methods approach was applied. This included qualitative research techniques, drawing from multiple international and national case studies and literature. It also involved interviews with key stakeholders involved with the project. A quantitative survey assessed the extent to which the project has been successful in its goal to market Makhanda as the “Creative City” and whether it could become “South Africa’s Creative and Cultural Capital”. There is no reliable standard blueprint for how to develop a creative city. However, factors for success can be found in the development of new and growing creative spaces for the centralisation of creative and cultural activity; in associated employment opportunities and industry experience made available; and in strong partnerships forged between the project, local government and a range of key stakeholders. The Makhanda project faced significant challenges – namely, scarce financial support, small local consumer markets, an insufficiently recognised brand, limited support from local business and no vertical alignment with the national policy agenda. Despite the challenges several advantages were identified, including; a generous endowment in hard and soft infrastructures, a socially diverse and open environment, and a project rooted in the community interest. The project exhibits the potential to develop a thriving arts and culture sector in Makhanda. But it will be critical for the project to become self-sufficient and remain, and further embed itself, in the interests of the broad community for whom the project ultimately aims to benefit. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Campbell, Guy John
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: Creative City , Regional development , Cultural economics , Creative economy , Cultural industry , Creative industries
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/174448 , vital:42478
- Description: The ‘Creative City’ is a popular term describing a method of regional/urban development through the development of creative and cultural industries (CCIs). Research into this topic has mostly focused on large cities in developed nations. Research into its applicability to small, underdeveloped regions located in developing nations has been severely limited. This research drew on the creative city theory of Richard Florida (2002) and other relevant literature in the realm of creative and cultural economics. The extent to which the ‘Creative City’ Project of Makhanda, located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, was successful in meeting its stated goals was assessed. The institutional frameworks and operational context of the project were investigated. A mixed-methods approach was applied. This included qualitative research techniques, drawing from multiple international and national case studies and literature. It also involved interviews with key stakeholders involved with the project. A quantitative survey assessed the extent to which the project has been successful in its goal to market Makhanda as the “Creative City” and whether it could become “South Africa’s Creative and Cultural Capital”. There is no reliable standard blueprint for how to develop a creative city. However, factors for success can be found in the development of new and growing creative spaces for the centralisation of creative and cultural activity; in associated employment opportunities and industry experience made available; and in strong partnerships forged between the project, local government and a range of key stakeholders. The Makhanda project faced significant challenges – namely, scarce financial support, small local consumer markets, an insufficiently recognised brand, limited support from local business and no vertical alignment with the national policy agenda. Despite the challenges several advantages were identified, including; a generous endowment in hard and soft infrastructures, a socially diverse and open environment, and a project rooted in the community interest. The project exhibits the potential to develop a thriving arts and culture sector in Makhanda. But it will be critical for the project to become self-sufficient and remain, and further embed itself, in the interests of the broad community for whom the project ultimately aims to benefit. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Commerce, Economics and Economic History, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
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