Action research case studies of participatory materials development in two community contexts in Zambia
- Authors: Lupele, Justin Kalaba
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Community development -- Zambia -- Case studies Environmental education -- Zambia -- Case studies Sustainable development -- Zambia -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1417 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003298
- Description: This research reports on two action research case studies of participatory materials development in two rural community contexts in Zambia, namely Chiawa and Nalusanga. It aims to explore and articulate the relationships between community-based environmental education and participatory materials development in the WWF Zambia Education Project context; clarify participatory materials development processes by identifying the roles of different ‘actors’ in these processes and identify and analyse the contextual and other factors that may influence development and use of environmental education materials in rural communities. These aims were explored by means of a number of action research cycles of inquiry in the two communities. The study also articulates the significance of considering ambivalent globalising influences such as international conferences, debates, overseas development aid, national policies and how these shape and influence materials development work in a local context. In order to gain more insight into the local contexts, I developed contextual profiles on the two communities. These capture the contextual factors that influenced the participatory materials development processes. They include issues such as language, ethnicity, literacy, power relations and the local social economy, amongst others. Although this study has been predominately guided by the socially critical orientation to research and education, I have drawn on aspects of other research orientations. I have also explored some of the emerging critiques of the socially critical orientation. The findings of this study reveal the different roles participants can play in participatory materials development; participatory materials development processes as a learning process; the dynamics of participation in an African context; the role of language and literacy in materials development; the need for open-ended process models of learning amongst adult learners and the importance of merging expert and local knowledge in participatory materials development. This study opens up possibilities for further exploration of participatory materials development processes within the WWF ZEP context and beyond.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Lupele, Justin Kalaba
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Community development -- Zambia -- Case studies Environmental education -- Zambia -- Case studies Sustainable development -- Zambia -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1417 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003298
- Description: This research reports on two action research case studies of participatory materials development in two rural community contexts in Zambia, namely Chiawa and Nalusanga. It aims to explore and articulate the relationships between community-based environmental education and participatory materials development in the WWF Zambia Education Project context; clarify participatory materials development processes by identifying the roles of different ‘actors’ in these processes and identify and analyse the contextual and other factors that may influence development and use of environmental education materials in rural communities. These aims were explored by means of a number of action research cycles of inquiry in the two communities. The study also articulates the significance of considering ambivalent globalising influences such as international conferences, debates, overseas development aid, national policies and how these shape and influence materials development work in a local context. In order to gain more insight into the local contexts, I developed contextual profiles on the two communities. These capture the contextual factors that influenced the participatory materials development processes. They include issues such as language, ethnicity, literacy, power relations and the local social economy, amongst others. Although this study has been predominately guided by the socially critical orientation to research and education, I have drawn on aspects of other research orientations. I have also explored some of the emerging critiques of the socially critical orientation. The findings of this study reveal the different roles participants can play in participatory materials development; participatory materials development processes as a learning process; the dynamics of participation in an African context; the role of language and literacy in materials development; the need for open-ended process models of learning amongst adult learners and the importance of merging expert and local knowledge in participatory materials development. This study opens up possibilities for further exploration of participatory materials development processes within the WWF ZEP context and beyond.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Review and development of environmental interpretation resources to foster environmental learning in two Kenyan schools
- Authors: Atiti, Abel Barasa
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Environmental education -- Kenya Environmental education -- Kenya -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1743 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003627
- Description: This participatory action research study involved a group of teachers in transforming school grounds into interpretation resources. Approached from a critical perspective, it challenged the conventional top-down approaches to interpretation resources and materials development. Through a teacher-centred approach, a school-based ‘botanic garden’ and ‘arboretum’ were developed at Samaj and Kenya High respectively. Teachers were further actively engaged in developing a variety of interpretive materials that might engage learners in socially critical environmental education processes at the transformed sites. A process in which educators from five non-formal education organisations shared their skills and knowledge on environmental interpretation with teachers preceded the development of interpretation resources and materials. Drawing on Latour (1999), I have applied the notion of mobilising interpretive capital when describing this process. Interpretive capital within the non-formal education sector was mobilised and made available through social interactions between teachers and non-formal educators. This occurred during workshops, organisational visits and critical reviews of a sample of interpretive materials. I provide insights into how the interpretive capital was mobilised and later drawn on by teachers during the development processes in their schools. This study argues that mobilising interpretive capital with teachers through partnerships can enhance the transformation of school grounds to foster environmental learning. It shows how attempts to find solutions with teachers were made in response to pedagogical and curriculum tensions that arise around the implementation of environmental education processes in their schools. To provide orientation in environmental education processes in schools, analyses of socially critical environmental education processes and a review of theoretical perspectives on interpretation as an environmental education process are presented. I have viewed interpretation and environmental education as reciprocally necessary aspects for enabling the development of critical environmental literacy and action competence. To explain this view, the notion of environmental interpretation and education processes has been applied and presented in this study. Finally, practical outcomes of the study on transformation of school grounds, improved education practice, enhanced professional competencies amongst teachers, new interpretive materials in schools and the establishment of partnerships are examined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Atiti, Abel Barasa
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Environmental education -- Kenya Environmental education -- Kenya -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1743 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003627
- Description: This participatory action research study involved a group of teachers in transforming school grounds into interpretation resources. Approached from a critical perspective, it challenged the conventional top-down approaches to interpretation resources and materials development. Through a teacher-centred approach, a school-based ‘botanic garden’ and ‘arboretum’ were developed at Samaj and Kenya High respectively. Teachers were further actively engaged in developing a variety of interpretive materials that might engage learners in socially critical environmental education processes at the transformed sites. A process in which educators from five non-formal education organisations shared their skills and knowledge on environmental interpretation with teachers preceded the development of interpretation resources and materials. Drawing on Latour (1999), I have applied the notion of mobilising interpretive capital when describing this process. Interpretive capital within the non-formal education sector was mobilised and made available through social interactions between teachers and non-formal educators. This occurred during workshops, organisational visits and critical reviews of a sample of interpretive materials. I provide insights into how the interpretive capital was mobilised and later drawn on by teachers during the development processes in their schools. This study argues that mobilising interpretive capital with teachers through partnerships can enhance the transformation of school grounds to foster environmental learning. It shows how attempts to find solutions with teachers were made in response to pedagogical and curriculum tensions that arise around the implementation of environmental education processes in their schools. To provide orientation in environmental education processes in schools, analyses of socially critical environmental education processes and a review of theoretical perspectives on interpretation as an environmental education process are presented. I have viewed interpretation and environmental education as reciprocally necessary aspects for enabling the development of critical environmental literacy and action competence. To explain this view, the notion of environmental interpretation and education processes has been applied and presented in this study. Finally, practical outcomes of the study on transformation of school grounds, improved education practice, enhanced professional competencies amongst teachers, new interpretive materials in schools and the establishment of partnerships are examined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The individual and the social order in Mill and Hegel : seeking common principles in liberal and communitarian ancestry
- Authors: Koseff, Justin Adam
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770-1831 , Mill, John Stuart, 1806-1873 , Liberalism , Communitarianism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2843 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005624 , Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770-1831 , Mill, John Stuart, 1806-1873 , Liberalism , Communitarianism
- Description: This thesis seeks to establish a significant commonality and compatibility between the principles underpinning the political and social philosophies of GWF Hegel and John Stuart Mill. The role of the individual and the social order in both their theories is discussed and assessed separately and in turn in reference to their respective seminal works on the proper structure, principles and function of modern political infrastructure. Through an interpretation of the fundamental tenets and goals of their theories of the social order I argue for a coherent modern reconstruction of their doctrines, within which I locate parallels and contrasts as they apply. Both theorists as ultimately put forward similar arguments for freedom as an intersubjectively·developed capacity, the ideal social order as rational framework for the management of ethical and political engagement, linked to a social holism that ties individual and social progress inextricably. A respect for individual particularity of perspective and practice is integral both of their social frameworks, but that such a space must be harmonised within a rational political community worthy of individual obligation. Finally their social and political theories can be understood as complementary, each providing insights which the other lacks. Mill suffers from an insufficient regard for the social basis of identity and interconnected nature of the modern institutional framework, while Hegel displays an insufficient regard for Mill's caveats concerning the repressive potential of institutional structures and the dangers of overly empowered bureaucracies. In conclusion key elements of the two theorists' projects stand as separate but not in any way fundamentally opposed to each other. This points to the possibility of a via media between a politics of individualism and a politics of community, suggesting strong potential for reconciliation between liberal and communitarian perspectives.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Koseff, Justin Adam
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770-1831 , Mill, John Stuart, 1806-1873 , Liberalism , Communitarianism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2843 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005624 , Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 1770-1831 , Mill, John Stuart, 1806-1873 , Liberalism , Communitarianism
- Description: This thesis seeks to establish a significant commonality and compatibility between the principles underpinning the political and social philosophies of GWF Hegel and John Stuart Mill. The role of the individual and the social order in both their theories is discussed and assessed separately and in turn in reference to their respective seminal works on the proper structure, principles and function of modern political infrastructure. Through an interpretation of the fundamental tenets and goals of their theories of the social order I argue for a coherent modern reconstruction of their doctrines, within which I locate parallels and contrasts as they apply. Both theorists as ultimately put forward similar arguments for freedom as an intersubjectively·developed capacity, the ideal social order as rational framework for the management of ethical and political engagement, linked to a social holism that ties individual and social progress inextricably. A respect for individual particularity of perspective and practice is integral both of their social frameworks, but that such a space must be harmonised within a rational political community worthy of individual obligation. Finally their social and political theories can be understood as complementary, each providing insights which the other lacks. Mill suffers from an insufficient regard for the social basis of identity and interconnected nature of the modern institutional framework, while Hegel displays an insufficient regard for Mill's caveats concerning the repressive potential of institutional structures and the dangers of overly empowered bureaucracies. In conclusion key elements of the two theorists' projects stand as separate but not in any way fundamentally opposed to each other. This points to the possibility of a via media between a politics of individualism and a politics of community, suggesting strong potential for reconciliation between liberal and communitarian perspectives.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The reading preferences of grade 11 ESL learners in Grahamstown
- Authors: Rasana, Nomakhosazana Hazel
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers -- South Africa Reading (Secondary) -- South Africa English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1721 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003604
- Description: This survey investigates learners’ reading preferences in selected Eastern Cape secondary schools where English is taught as a second language. It seeks to understand the reading patterns and interests of Grade 11s, and the role played by parents, teachers, school and public libraries in promoting a love for reading. Focus group interviews and questionnaires were used to gather data over a period of six weeks. All Grade 11 learners from eight Grahamstown secondary schools where English is taught as a second language participated. Data was analysed using Biomedical Data Programme Statistical Software (BMDP). Chi-square (X ²) tests and t-tests for proportions were used specifically to determine significant differences in the groups (i.e. gender effect, schools and language effect). The data suggest that ESL Grade 11s: 1) do have preferred reading material; 2) have preferred authors; 3) have a preferred language they read in; and 4) read for information. Limited access to reading material affects their reading patterns and ability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Rasana, Nomakhosazana Hazel
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers -- South Africa Reading (Secondary) -- South Africa English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1721 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003604
- Description: This survey investigates learners’ reading preferences in selected Eastern Cape secondary schools where English is taught as a second language. It seeks to understand the reading patterns and interests of Grade 11s, and the role played by parents, teachers, school and public libraries in promoting a love for reading. Focus group interviews and questionnaires were used to gather data over a period of six weeks. All Grade 11 learners from eight Grahamstown secondary schools where English is taught as a second language participated. Data was analysed using Biomedical Data Programme Statistical Software (BMDP). Chi-square (X ²) tests and t-tests for proportions were used specifically to determine significant differences in the groups (i.e. gender effect, schools and language effect). The data suggest that ESL Grade 11s: 1) do have preferred reading material; 2) have preferred authors; 3) have a preferred language they read in; and 4) read for information. Limited access to reading material affects their reading patterns and ability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Bioaccumulation and histopathology of copper in Oreochromis mossambicus
- Authors: Naigaga, Irene
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mozambique tilapia , Copper , Marine toxins , Fishes -- Effect of water pollution on , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5234 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005077 , Mozambique tilapia , Copper , Marine toxins , Fishes -- Effect of water pollution on , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects
- Description: Cu is one of the most toxic elements that affect fish populations when the fish are exposed to concentrations exceeding their tolerance. To investigate the effects of elementary Cu on aspects of bioconcentration, histology and behaviour, O. mossambicus were exposed to 0 and 0.75 ± 0.20 mg/l of Cu for 96 hours (short-term study), and 0, 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02, and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l of Cu for 64 days (longterm study) under controlled conditions in the laboratory. For the long-term study fish were sampled for gills, liver, and kidney Cu accumulation analysis after 1, 32 and 64 days of exposure and after 1, 2, 4, 16, 32, and 64 days for gills, liver and spleen histology analysis. Cu accumulation was concentration-duration dependent with the highest accumulation capacity in the liver. A multifactor linear model was developed for the relationship between exposure dose, exposure duration and Cu accumulation in the organs with the liver model: Log L = 3.35 + 0.85W + 0.31T (r² = 0.892) giving a better fit than the gills: G = −35.09 + 10.58W + 17.58T (r² = 0.632). Where L = Cu accumulation values in the liver, G = Cu accumulation values in the gills (both in μg/g dry mass); W = exposure dose in water (mg/l); and T = exposure time (days). Using this model Cu accumulation in organs can be estimated when exposure concentration and duration is known. This model should be tested under different conditions to determine the potential of the model in monitoring Cu toxicity in the environment. Lesions were observed in the liver, gills and spleen in all Cu treatments at all exposure concentration and exposure durations. However, the incidence and the degree of alteration was related to the concentration of Cu and duration of exposure. The sequential appearance of lesions in the order of, hepatic vacuolar degeneration, fatty degeneration and necrosis indicated a gradual increase in liver damage with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The initial lesions in the gills were manifested as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium causing increase in the thickness of the secondary lamellae, mucous cell hypertrophy and proliferation, mucous hypersecretion, proliferation of eosinophilic granule cells and hyperplasia of interlamellar cells. With increase in exposure time, necrosis of the eosinophilic granule cells, lamellar oedema, epithelial desquamation and increase in severity of lamellar hyperplasia were observed. These lesions indicated an initial defence mechanism of the fish against Cu toxicity followed by advanced histological changes that were related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure. Changes in the spleen were haemosiderosis, increase in the white pulp and macrophage centres, reduction in the red pulp, and necrosis suggesting that fish exposed to environmentally relevant levels of Cu may be histopathologically altered leading to anaemia and immunosuppression. Regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the total activity of the fish, and duration of exposure. There was a gradual decline in fish activity related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure before introducing food into the tanks. There was a constant activity after introducing food in the tanks at the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu exposure levels irrespective of exposure time. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test for the difference in slopes between treatments. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between slopes of the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu, and between 0.29 ± 0.02 and 47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu before and after introducing food in the tanks. The slopes of both the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu were significantly different from those of 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the mean opercular movements per minute between treatments (p < 0.05). There was hyperventilation at 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu i.e. 87 ± 18 opercular movements per minute (mean ± standard deviation) and hypoventilation at 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu i.e. 37 ± 34 and 13 ± 6 opercular movements per minute compared to the control. Hypo- and hyperventilation were related to the lesser and greater gill damage, respectively. In conclusion Cu accumulation and effects on histology of the liver, gills and were related to the concentration of Cu in the water and duration of exposure showing a gradual increase in incidence and intensity with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The fish were initially able to homeostatically regulate and detoxify Cu. However, as the exposure continued, the homeostatic mechanism appears to have failed to cope with the increasing metal burden causing advanced histological changes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Naigaga, Irene
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mozambique tilapia , Copper , Marine toxins , Fishes -- Effect of water pollution on , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5234 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005077 , Mozambique tilapia , Copper , Marine toxins , Fishes -- Effect of water pollution on , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects
- Description: Cu is one of the most toxic elements that affect fish populations when the fish are exposed to concentrations exceeding their tolerance. To investigate the effects of elementary Cu on aspects of bioconcentration, histology and behaviour, O. mossambicus were exposed to 0 and 0.75 ± 0.20 mg/l of Cu for 96 hours (short-term study), and 0, 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02, and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l of Cu for 64 days (longterm study) under controlled conditions in the laboratory. For the long-term study fish were sampled for gills, liver, and kidney Cu accumulation analysis after 1, 32 and 64 days of exposure and after 1, 2, 4, 16, 32, and 64 days for gills, liver and spleen histology analysis. Cu accumulation was concentration-duration dependent with the highest accumulation capacity in the liver. A multifactor linear model was developed for the relationship between exposure dose, exposure duration and Cu accumulation in the organs with the liver model: Log L = 3.35 + 0.85W + 0.31T (r² = 0.892) giving a better fit than the gills: G = −35.09 + 10.58W + 17.58T (r² = 0.632). Where L = Cu accumulation values in the liver, G = Cu accumulation values in the gills (both in μg/g dry mass); W = exposure dose in water (mg/l); and T = exposure time (days). Using this model Cu accumulation in organs can be estimated when exposure concentration and duration is known. This model should be tested under different conditions to determine the potential of the model in monitoring Cu toxicity in the environment. Lesions were observed in the liver, gills and spleen in all Cu treatments at all exposure concentration and exposure durations. However, the incidence and the degree of alteration was related to the concentration of Cu and duration of exposure. The sequential appearance of lesions in the order of, hepatic vacuolar degeneration, fatty degeneration and necrosis indicated a gradual increase in liver damage with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The initial lesions in the gills were manifested as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium causing increase in the thickness of the secondary lamellae, mucous cell hypertrophy and proliferation, mucous hypersecretion, proliferation of eosinophilic granule cells and hyperplasia of interlamellar cells. With increase in exposure time, necrosis of the eosinophilic granule cells, lamellar oedema, epithelial desquamation and increase in severity of lamellar hyperplasia were observed. These lesions indicated an initial defence mechanism of the fish against Cu toxicity followed by advanced histological changes that were related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure. Changes in the spleen were haemosiderosis, increase in the white pulp and macrophage centres, reduction in the red pulp, and necrosis suggesting that fish exposed to environmentally relevant levels of Cu may be histopathologically altered leading to anaemia and immunosuppression. Regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the total activity of the fish, and duration of exposure. There was a gradual decline in fish activity related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure before introducing food into the tanks. There was a constant activity after introducing food in the tanks at the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu exposure levels irrespective of exposure time. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test for the difference in slopes between treatments. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between slopes of the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu, and between 0.29 ± 0.02 and 47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu before and after introducing food in the tanks. The slopes of both the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu were significantly different from those of 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the mean opercular movements per minute between treatments (p < 0.05). There was hyperventilation at 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu i.e. 87 ± 18 opercular movements per minute (mean ± standard deviation) and hypoventilation at 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu i.e. 37 ± 34 and 13 ± 6 opercular movements per minute compared to the control. Hypo- and hyperventilation were related to the lesser and greater gill damage, respectively. In conclusion Cu accumulation and effects on histology of the liver, gills and were related to the concentration of Cu in the water and duration of exposure showing a gradual increase in incidence and intensity with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The fish were initially able to homeostatically regulate and detoxify Cu. However, as the exposure continued, the homeostatic mechanism appears to have failed to cope with the increasing metal burden causing advanced histological changes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
An investigation into whether a leadership and management development project changed the perceptions of the educators in a black, disadvantaged school
- Authors: Jaftha, A P
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: University of Port Elizabeth -- Institute for Development Planning and Research Delta Foundation -- Centres of Learning School management and organization -- South Africa Educational leadership -- South Africa Educational change -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1620 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003502
- Description: This study investigates whether a leadership and management development programme changed the management perceptions of the teachers of one of the schools that participated in the programme. The programme seeks to change the organisational culture of schools and develop effective management. The development philosophy of the programme is informed by literature on school effectiveness, organisation development, whole school development and systemic change. My research is conducted in the interpretive paradigm. Interpretive researchers view reality a construct of the human mind, and therefore the way people perceive the world is not necessarily the same since there can be different understandings of what is real. I employ convenience sampling to select the school and purposive sampling to identify my research participants. Whilst overall impression that the data conveys is that much of the programme does not seem to have had a lasting effect on the culture of the school, it nonetheless made an impression on the teachers’ perceptions of management. There clearly seems to be a greater appreciation of participative management processes. The reintroduction of proper prior planning played a decisive role in re-establishing sound work ethics at the school and contributes to a more structured approach to events at the school. Some sort of organisational learning has also been introduced at the school. The realisation on the part of the staff that they now have their destiny in their own hands is an especially critical development. And whilst the vision is not a compelling force in the organisation, it has nevertheless produced some strategic focus at the school. The insights and skills they acquired concerning resource management will also stand them in good stead.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Jaftha, A P
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: University of Port Elizabeth -- Institute for Development Planning and Research Delta Foundation -- Centres of Learning School management and organization -- South Africa Educational leadership -- South Africa Educational change -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1620 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003502
- Description: This study investigates whether a leadership and management development programme changed the management perceptions of the teachers of one of the schools that participated in the programme. The programme seeks to change the organisational culture of schools and develop effective management. The development philosophy of the programme is informed by literature on school effectiveness, organisation development, whole school development and systemic change. My research is conducted in the interpretive paradigm. Interpretive researchers view reality a construct of the human mind, and therefore the way people perceive the world is not necessarily the same since there can be different understandings of what is real. I employ convenience sampling to select the school and purposive sampling to identify my research participants. Whilst overall impression that the data conveys is that much of the programme does not seem to have had a lasting effect on the culture of the school, it nonetheless made an impression on the teachers’ perceptions of management. There clearly seems to be a greater appreciation of participative management processes. The reintroduction of proper prior planning played a decisive role in re-establishing sound work ethics at the school and contributes to a more structured approach to events at the school. Some sort of organisational learning has also been introduced at the school. The realisation on the part of the staff that they now have their destiny in their own hands is an especially critical development. And whilst the vision is not a compelling force in the organisation, it has nevertheless produced some strategic focus at the school. The insights and skills they acquired concerning resource management will also stand them in good stead.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The negotiation process of the EU-SA Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement: a case of reference for the south?
- Authors: Pillay, Morgenie
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: South Africa -- Foreign economic relations -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Foreign economic relations -- South Africa , South Africa -- Commerce -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Commerce -- South Africa , Free trade -- South Africa , Trade regulation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2821 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003031 , South Africa -- Foreign economic relations -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Foreign economic relations -- South Africa , South Africa -- Commerce -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Commerce -- South Africa , Free trade -- South Africa , Trade regulation -- South Africa
- Description: Overall the conclusions drawn about South Africa’s negotiating style and tactics were arrived at by analysing a number of reports (that closely followed the evolution of the negotiations) and then paralleling this case study’s findings with the conjectures made by the theoretical frameworks (i.e. works by Putnam, Zartmann and Churchmann) about how negotiations proceed. In the final analysis, the findings of this case are intended to provide insight for the south about how to approach any future trade negotiations with the North (or more specifically with the EU).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Pillay, Morgenie
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: South Africa -- Foreign economic relations -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Foreign economic relations -- South Africa , South Africa -- Commerce -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Commerce -- South Africa , Free trade -- South Africa , Trade regulation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2821 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003031 , South Africa -- Foreign economic relations -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Foreign economic relations -- South Africa , South Africa -- Commerce -- European Union countries , European Union countries -- Commerce -- South Africa , Free trade -- South Africa , Trade regulation -- South Africa
- Description: Overall the conclusions drawn about South Africa’s negotiating style and tactics were arrived at by analysing a number of reports (that closely followed the evolution of the negotiations) and then paralleling this case study’s findings with the conjectures made by the theoretical frameworks (i.e. works by Putnam, Zartmann and Churchmann) about how negotiations proceed. In the final analysis, the findings of this case are intended to provide insight for the south about how to approach any future trade negotiations with the North (or more specifically with the EU).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Holding on or letting go?: the resolution of grief in relation to two Xhosa rituals in South Africa
- Authors: Van Heerden, Gary Paul
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: South Africa -- Social life and customs , Death -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Mourning customs -- South Africa , Bereavement -- Psychological aspects , Bereavement -- South Africa -- Cross-cultural studies , Death -- South Africa -- Cross-cultural studies , Xhosa (African people) -- Rites and ceremonies , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Animal sacrifice -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3253 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016055
- Description: The dominant emphasis in Western models of bereavement is on the breaking of bonds with the deceased in order for healing to occur. Failure to let go often leads to a diagnosis of 'pathological grief'. This paper challenges the assumption that death invariably means that the bonds with the deceased have to be severed. Situating Western models of bereavement in a modernist context not only challenges the 'truth' claims of these models, but also facilitates a deconstruction of the elements that contribute to the emphasis on letting go. In contrast to these theories, two Xhosa rituals (umkhapho and umbuyiso) that seek to sustain the bond with the deceased person will be examined. Such rituals demonstrate that it is possible to both maintain the bond and for the bereaved person to move on with their lives. Despite different contexts, it will be argued that these Xhosa bereavement rituals have a contribution to make to Western models of bereavement and some implications for therapy will be explored.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Van Heerden, Gary Paul
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: South Africa -- Social life and customs , Death -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Mourning customs -- South Africa , Bereavement -- Psychological aspects , Bereavement -- South Africa -- Cross-cultural studies , Death -- South Africa -- Cross-cultural studies , Xhosa (African people) -- Rites and ceremonies , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Animal sacrifice -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3253 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016055
- Description: The dominant emphasis in Western models of bereavement is on the breaking of bonds with the deceased in order for healing to occur. Failure to let go often leads to a diagnosis of 'pathological grief'. This paper challenges the assumption that death invariably means that the bonds with the deceased have to be severed. Situating Western models of bereavement in a modernist context not only challenges the 'truth' claims of these models, but also facilitates a deconstruction of the elements that contribute to the emphasis on letting go. In contrast to these theories, two Xhosa rituals (umkhapho and umbuyiso) that seek to sustain the bond with the deceased person will be examined. Such rituals demonstrate that it is possible to both maintain the bond and for the bereaved person to move on with their lives. Despite different contexts, it will be argued that these Xhosa bereavement rituals have a contribution to make to Western models of bereavement and some implications for therapy will be explored.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
An investigation of the relative importance of the media in influencing the voting behaviour of Evelyn Hone College students in Lusaka during the December, 2001 presidential elections in Zambia
- Authors: Jere, Caesar
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Voting -- Zambia Mass media -- Political aspects -- Zambia Presidents -- Zambia -- Election -- 2001
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3516 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007803
- Description: This study explores the relative importance of the media in influencing the electoral choices of a small group of Zambians, namely Evelyn Hone College students in Lusaka who participated in the December 2001 elections in Zambia. The study investigates the interplay of mediation between the lived cultural experiences of the sample of students and the impact of media messages. Students at Evelyn Hone College come from different ethnic groupings, social classes, religions and regions. They are exposed to both the state and the privately owned media, which represent a range of political viewpoints. The outcome of the December 2001 elections in Zambia gave the impression that people in urban areas in Zambia were less likely to vote on ethnic lines because they had easy access to different media, ranging from print to electronic, which provided them with diverse information about the political scene, and probably shaped their electoral choices. Conversely, their counterparts in the rural areas appeared to vote along ethnic lines, seemingly because of lack of exposure to the media. It was also assumed that most people in rural areas were not as modernized as their urban counterparts who were more exposed to enlightened sources of information such as professional groups and other elite social institutions which helped them to shape their political opinions than most rural people. The study attempts to establish to what extent the media impacted on the selected sample of urban students in the choice of their presidential candidates in the December 2001 elections in Zambia. The study further investigates to what extent other factors such as ethnic inclinations and other social predispositions influenced them in their choice of the candidates. The interviewees for this study were randomly drawn from a population of Evelyn Hone College students that voted in the December 2001 presidential elections in Zambia. The sample consisted of 30 randomly selected students who were purposely stratified in three focus groups of ten each. Each stratum represented the approximate ethnic equivalence of one of the presidential candidates who contested the December 2001 elections.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Jere, Caesar
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Voting -- Zambia Mass media -- Political aspects -- Zambia Presidents -- Zambia -- Election -- 2001
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3516 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007803
- Description: This study explores the relative importance of the media in influencing the electoral choices of a small group of Zambians, namely Evelyn Hone College students in Lusaka who participated in the December 2001 elections in Zambia. The study investigates the interplay of mediation between the lived cultural experiences of the sample of students and the impact of media messages. Students at Evelyn Hone College come from different ethnic groupings, social classes, religions and regions. They are exposed to both the state and the privately owned media, which represent a range of political viewpoints. The outcome of the December 2001 elections in Zambia gave the impression that people in urban areas in Zambia were less likely to vote on ethnic lines because they had easy access to different media, ranging from print to electronic, which provided them with diverse information about the political scene, and probably shaped their electoral choices. Conversely, their counterparts in the rural areas appeared to vote along ethnic lines, seemingly because of lack of exposure to the media. It was also assumed that most people in rural areas were not as modernized as their urban counterparts who were more exposed to enlightened sources of information such as professional groups and other elite social institutions which helped them to shape their political opinions than most rural people. The study attempts to establish to what extent the media impacted on the selected sample of urban students in the choice of their presidential candidates in the December 2001 elections in Zambia. The study further investigates to what extent other factors such as ethnic inclinations and other social predispositions influenced them in their choice of the candidates. The interviewees for this study were randomly drawn from a population of Evelyn Hone College students that voted in the December 2001 presidential elections in Zambia. The sample consisted of 30 randomly selected students who were purposely stratified in three focus groups of ten each. Each stratum represented the approximate ethnic equivalence of one of the presidential candidates who contested the December 2001 elections.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
An investigation of female leaders' perceptions of themselves and their roles as leaders in a Catholic School
- Authors: Kauaria, Vejanda
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Catholic schools -- Namibia -- Administration Women school administrators -- Namibia School management and organization -- Namibia Educational leadership -- Namibia Women in public life -- Namibia Sex discrimination against women -- Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1626 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003508
- Description: The question of gender in leadership continues to be a contentious and poorly understood phenomenon. There seems general agreement that women do lead differently from men, and this study begins from that premise, focusing on a case in which leadership has traditionally been the domain of females. The case was chosen for its uniqueness, the assumption being that in these circumstances leadership may have developed particular characteristics. Following a qualitative approach (drawing on phenomenology), the study seeks to investigate how women leaders experience their roles as leaders. In-depth interviews made it possible for me to capture the perceptions and experiences of the three women leaders I interviewed. The study reveals that women are more inclined to use interactive styles of leadership. Women use leadership that is more participative, negotiative, cooperative, shared and collaborative. These characteristics are in line with the features of transformational leadership which differs from the more traditional transactional leadership that is more controlled and directive. The study has also shown that leadership develops from within the person of the leader as the leader is the one who spearheads the organization through vision, ideas, beliefs andassumptions. The findings of this study suggest thus that unless women are given chances to prove how they can lead, this new approach of leadership within them and that is required by modern organizations would be lost and leadership would remain relatively unchanged and undesirable. In the context of Namibia, this study should be of potential significance because of the rapid change that is taking place in the inclusion of women in leadership and management positions in education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Kauaria, Vejanda
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Catholic schools -- Namibia -- Administration Women school administrators -- Namibia School management and organization -- Namibia Educational leadership -- Namibia Women in public life -- Namibia Sex discrimination against women -- Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1626 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003508
- Description: The question of gender in leadership continues to be a contentious and poorly understood phenomenon. There seems general agreement that women do lead differently from men, and this study begins from that premise, focusing on a case in which leadership has traditionally been the domain of females. The case was chosen for its uniqueness, the assumption being that in these circumstances leadership may have developed particular characteristics. Following a qualitative approach (drawing on phenomenology), the study seeks to investigate how women leaders experience their roles as leaders. In-depth interviews made it possible for me to capture the perceptions and experiences of the three women leaders I interviewed. The study reveals that women are more inclined to use interactive styles of leadership. Women use leadership that is more participative, negotiative, cooperative, shared and collaborative. These characteristics are in line with the features of transformational leadership which differs from the more traditional transactional leadership that is more controlled and directive. The study has also shown that leadership develops from within the person of the leader as the leader is the one who spearheads the organization through vision, ideas, beliefs andassumptions. The findings of this study suggest thus that unless women are given chances to prove how they can lead, this new approach of leadership within them and that is required by modern organizations would be lost and leadership would remain relatively unchanged and undesirable. In the context of Namibia, this study should be of potential significance because of the rapid change that is taking place in the inclusion of women in leadership and management positions in education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The comparative case study of the use of English and isiXhosa as medium of instruction in a grade five class
- Authors: Mngqibisa, Mandla Daniel
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa Xhosa language -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa Education, Bilingual Language and education -- South Africa Language policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1455 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003336
- Description: The aim of this study was to compare the quality of oral interaction between a grade 5class and their teacher when either English or isiXhosa was used as medium ofinstruction in two different lessons and of their writing which arose out of the lessons. The research was carried out within the interpretive paradigm and took the form of a casestudy. The researcher took the stance of being a non-participant observer. A variety oftechniques were used to collect data, namely, piloting, video recording and transcribing lessons, observing and making field notes, questionnaires and an interview. The interview was recorded and transcribed by the researcher. The two lessons were transcribed and analysed. Also the learners’ writing was analysed. The findings of this study showed that learners have little competence in English compared to isiXhosa. As a result most of them used short and vague sentences when responding to and discussing pictures in English. They also used short and simple sentences when writing in English compared toisiXhosa. Although this is a small-scale study it is recommended that the school’s language policy is revised and teachers are equipped with necessary skills, which would help them teach English to second language learners effectively. It is also recommended that the learners’ first language continue to be well taught even if it is no longer the classroom language.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Mngqibisa, Mandla Daniel
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa Xhosa language -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa Education, Bilingual Language and education -- South Africa Language policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1455 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003336
- Description: The aim of this study was to compare the quality of oral interaction between a grade 5class and their teacher when either English or isiXhosa was used as medium ofinstruction in two different lessons and of their writing which arose out of the lessons. The research was carried out within the interpretive paradigm and took the form of a casestudy. The researcher took the stance of being a non-participant observer. A variety oftechniques were used to collect data, namely, piloting, video recording and transcribing lessons, observing and making field notes, questionnaires and an interview. The interview was recorded and transcribed by the researcher. The two lessons were transcribed and analysed. Also the learners’ writing was analysed. The findings of this study showed that learners have little competence in English compared to isiXhosa. As a result most of them used short and vague sentences when responding to and discussing pictures in English. They also used short and simple sentences when writing in English compared toisiXhosa. Although this is a small-scale study it is recommended that the school’s language policy is revised and teachers are equipped with necessary skills, which would help them teach English to second language learners effectively. It is also recommended that the learners’ first language continue to be well taught even if it is no longer the classroom language.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Politics of asylum : sovereign considerations in the multilateral and humanitarian practices of refugee protection in post-apartheid South Africa
- Authors: Oduba, Victor
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2870 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007725 , Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Description: Most scholars claim that international human rights norms embodied in formal international declarations and treaties have an important impact on domestic political interests and governmental practices. This reasoning about the impact of global human rights is often applied to the post-apartheid South African immigration and refugee policies. While I acknowledge that the ratification of United Nations Conventions on refugees has altered the traditional sovereignty considerations of South Africa towards asylum seekers, I take issue with the claims that South African refugee and asylum policies are primarily motivated and based on humanitarian considerations. Instead, I argue that these policies are based on sovereign considerations and strategic foreign policy interests. As a result this sovereign interests of South Africa to study has sought to demonstrate that largely explain decisions on the part accept or reject refugees. Although norms diffusion, international advocacy networks, and prestige factors have made a big impact, in practice the refugee policy has continued to reflect South Africa's strategic interests and domestic considerations at all levels. However, I have not argued that South Africa should overlook its national and foreign interests and abide by international human rights norms regardless of the cost of doing so. I have only sought to demonstrate that refugee protection is more when powerful national interests find it conducive to manage the destabilizing refugee flows.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Oduba, Victor
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2870 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007725 , Refugees -- Africa , Refugees -- Government policy -- South Africa , Refugees -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- South Africa , Asylum, Right of -- South Africa
- Description: Most scholars claim that international human rights norms embodied in formal international declarations and treaties have an important impact on domestic political interests and governmental practices. This reasoning about the impact of global human rights is often applied to the post-apartheid South African immigration and refugee policies. While I acknowledge that the ratification of United Nations Conventions on refugees has altered the traditional sovereignty considerations of South Africa towards asylum seekers, I take issue with the claims that South African refugee and asylum policies are primarily motivated and based on humanitarian considerations. Instead, I argue that these policies are based on sovereign considerations and strategic foreign policy interests. As a result this sovereign interests of South Africa to study has sought to demonstrate that largely explain decisions on the part accept or reject refugees. Although norms diffusion, international advocacy networks, and prestige factors have made a big impact, in practice the refugee policy has continued to reflect South Africa's strategic interests and domestic considerations at all levels. However, I have not argued that South Africa should overlook its national and foreign interests and abide by international human rights norms regardless of the cost of doing so. I have only sought to demonstrate that refugee protection is more when powerful national interests find it conducive to manage the destabilizing refugee flows.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Investigation of the comparative cost-effectiveness of different strategies for the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- Authors: Rockcliffe, Nicole
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Tuberculosis , Multidrug resistance , Tuberculosis -- Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3788 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003266 , Tuberculosis , Multidrug resistance , Tuberculosis -- Treatment
- Description: The tuberculosis epidemic is escalating in South Africa as well as globally. This escalation is exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), which is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as resistance of Mycobacteria to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is estimated to occur in 1-2% of newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) patients and in 4-8% of previously treated patients. MDRTB is both difficult and expensive to treat, costing up to 126 times that of drug-sensitive TB. Resource constrained countries such as South Africa often lack both the money and the infrastructure to treat this disease. The aim of this project was to determine whether the performance of a systematic review with subsequent economic modelling could influence the decision making process for policy makers. Data was gathered and an economic evaluation of MDRTB treatment was performed from the perspective of the South African Department of Health. Three treatment alternatives were identified: a protocol regimen of second line anti-tuberculosis agents, as recommended in the South African guidelines for MDRTB, an appropriate regimen designed for each patient according to the results of culture and drug susceptibility tests, and non-drug management. A decision-analysis model using DATA 3.0 by Treeage® was developed to estimate the costs of each alternative. Outcomes were measured in terms of cost alone as well as the ‘number of cases cured’ and the number of ‘years of life saved’ for patients dying, being cured or failing treatment. Drug, hospital and laboratory costs incurred using each alternative were included in the analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed on all variables in order to identify threshold values that would change the outcome of the evaluation. Results of the decision analysis indicate that the individualised regimen was both the cheaper and more cost-effective regimen of the two active treatment options, and was estimated to cost R50 661 per case cured and R2 070 per year of life saved. The protocol regimen was estimated to cost R73 609 per case cured and R2 741 per year of life saved. The outcome of the decision analysis was sensitive to changes in some of the variables used to model the disease, particularly the daily cost of drugs, the length of time spent in hospital and the length of treatment received by those patients dying or failing treatment. This modelling exercise highlighted significant deficiencies in the quality of evidence on MDRTB management available to policy makers. Pragmatic choices based on operational and other logistic concerns may need to be reviewed when further information becomes available. A case can be made for the establishment of a national database of costing and efficacy information to guide future policy revisions of the South African MDRTB treatment programme, which is resource intensive and of only moderate efficacy. However, due to the widely disparate range of studies on which this evaluation was based, the outcome of the study may not be credible. In this case, the use of a systematic review with subsequent economic modelling could not validly influence policy-makers to change the decision that they made on the basis of drug availability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Rockcliffe, Nicole
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Tuberculosis , Multidrug resistance , Tuberculosis -- Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3788 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003266 , Tuberculosis , Multidrug resistance , Tuberculosis -- Treatment
- Description: The tuberculosis epidemic is escalating in South Africa as well as globally. This escalation is exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), which is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as resistance of Mycobacteria to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is estimated to occur in 1-2% of newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) patients and in 4-8% of previously treated patients. MDRTB is both difficult and expensive to treat, costing up to 126 times that of drug-sensitive TB. Resource constrained countries such as South Africa often lack both the money and the infrastructure to treat this disease. The aim of this project was to determine whether the performance of a systematic review with subsequent economic modelling could influence the decision making process for policy makers. Data was gathered and an economic evaluation of MDRTB treatment was performed from the perspective of the South African Department of Health. Three treatment alternatives were identified: a protocol regimen of second line anti-tuberculosis agents, as recommended in the South African guidelines for MDRTB, an appropriate regimen designed for each patient according to the results of culture and drug susceptibility tests, and non-drug management. A decision-analysis model using DATA 3.0 by Treeage® was developed to estimate the costs of each alternative. Outcomes were measured in terms of cost alone as well as the ‘number of cases cured’ and the number of ‘years of life saved’ for patients dying, being cured or failing treatment. Drug, hospital and laboratory costs incurred using each alternative were included in the analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed on all variables in order to identify threshold values that would change the outcome of the evaluation. Results of the decision analysis indicate that the individualised regimen was both the cheaper and more cost-effective regimen of the two active treatment options, and was estimated to cost R50 661 per case cured and R2 070 per year of life saved. The protocol regimen was estimated to cost R73 609 per case cured and R2 741 per year of life saved. The outcome of the decision analysis was sensitive to changes in some of the variables used to model the disease, particularly the daily cost of drugs, the length of time spent in hospital and the length of treatment received by those patients dying or failing treatment. This modelling exercise highlighted significant deficiencies in the quality of evidence on MDRTB management available to policy makers. Pragmatic choices based on operational and other logistic concerns may need to be reviewed when further information becomes available. A case can be made for the establishment of a national database of costing and efficacy information to guide future policy revisions of the South African MDRTB treatment programme, which is resource intensive and of only moderate efficacy. However, due to the widely disparate range of studies on which this evaluation was based, the outcome of the study may not be credible. In this case, the use of a systematic review with subsequent economic modelling could not validly influence policy-makers to change the decision that they made on the basis of drug availability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Effects of small-scale water movement on the settlement and growth rates of the brown mussel Perna perna, on the south-east coast of South Africa
- Authors: Mathagu, Tendamudzimu Titus
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Growth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5682 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005368 , Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Growth
- Description: The effects of small scale (cm) water movement on the settlement and growth rates of the brown mussel Perna perna were investigated on the south-east coast of South Africa (33°28′S, 27°10′E). L-shaped metal baffles attached to the substratum decreased the erosion rates of cement balls and it was concluded that the baffles decreased the water flow rate around cement balls. These L-shaped baffles were then used to decrease water flow rates around mussel patches and pot-scouring pads used as artificial substrata for the settlement of P.perna larvae. Anova indicated that settlement rate varied by date and site while decreased water flow rate significantly increased larval settlement (p<0.05), only on the site and day that had the overall highest number of settlers. Mussels in the low zone had significantly higher growth rates than those in the high zone. Decreased water flow rate significantly increased mussel growth rate in the lower zone (Anova, p<0.05), while it did not have a significant effect on the mussel in the high zone. Thus water flow manipulation increased growth rates in the zone, which already had high growth rate. It was concluded that small-scale (cm) water flow patterns have an effect on both Perna perna settlement and growth rates, but only under specific conditions. Larval settlement rate was significantly increased by water flow manipulation on the site and day that had the highest number of settlers. Growth rates were significantly increased by decreased water flow rate only in the low zone, where growth rates are the highest. Although water flow was manipulated in both zones its effect in the high zone was insignificant (Anova) compared to other factors affecting growth rates at this tidal level.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Mathagu, Tendamudzimu Titus
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Growth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5682 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005368 , Mussels -- South Africa , Perna -- South Africa , Perna -- Growth
- Description: The effects of small scale (cm) water movement on the settlement and growth rates of the brown mussel Perna perna were investigated on the south-east coast of South Africa (33°28′S, 27°10′E). L-shaped metal baffles attached to the substratum decreased the erosion rates of cement balls and it was concluded that the baffles decreased the water flow rate around cement balls. These L-shaped baffles were then used to decrease water flow rates around mussel patches and pot-scouring pads used as artificial substrata for the settlement of P.perna larvae. Anova indicated that settlement rate varied by date and site while decreased water flow rate significantly increased larval settlement (p<0.05), only on the site and day that had the overall highest number of settlers. Mussels in the low zone had significantly higher growth rates than those in the high zone. Decreased water flow rate significantly increased mussel growth rate in the lower zone (Anova, p<0.05), while it did not have a significant effect on the mussel in the high zone. Thus water flow manipulation increased growth rates in the zone, which already had high growth rate. It was concluded that small-scale (cm) water flow patterns have an effect on both Perna perna settlement and growth rates, but only under specific conditions. Larval settlement rate was significantly increased by water flow manipulation on the site and day that had the highest number of settlers. Growth rates were significantly increased by decreased water flow rate only in the low zone, where growth rates are the highest. Although water flow was manipulated in both zones its effect in the high zone was insignificant (Anova) compared to other factors affecting growth rates at this tidal level.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
An object relational psychoanalysis of selected Tennessee Williams play texts
- Authors: Tosio, Paul
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Williams, Tennessee, 1911-1983 Williams, Tennessee, 1911-1983 -- Knowledge -- Psychology Object relations (Psychoanalysis) Psychoanalysis Drama -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2150 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002382
- Description: Tennessee Williams is a playwright of great psychological depth. This thesis probes some of the complexities of his work through the use of Object Relational Psychoanalysis, specifically employing the theories of Melanie Klein, W.R.D. Fairbairn and Donald Winnicott. The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat On A Hot Tin Roof and The Night of The Iguana are analysed from this theoretical stance. All of these plays display great perceptiveness into the human condition, accurately portraying many psychological relational themes. Certain Object Relational themes become very apparent in these analyses. These themes include, Dependency (especially in The Glass Menagerie), Reparation (particularly in A Streetcar Named Desire), Falsehood (notably in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof), Idealisation (evident in The Night of The Iguana), Honest Empathetic Relations (apparent in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and The Night of The Iguana) as well as Guilt, Object Loss, Sexual Guilt, and Obligation (recurring throughout these plays). It is advanced that Williams’ plays posses an honest and insightful understanding of human relations and, as such, are of contemporary value. This Thesis is not only an academic study, but also has practical applications for dramatists. With an increased understanding of the intrinsic tensions and motivations within such plays, offered by such psychoanalytic strategy, performance and staging of such work may be enhanced valuably.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Tosio, Paul
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Williams, Tennessee, 1911-1983 Williams, Tennessee, 1911-1983 -- Knowledge -- Psychology Object relations (Psychoanalysis) Psychoanalysis Drama -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2150 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002382
- Description: Tennessee Williams is a playwright of great psychological depth. This thesis probes some of the complexities of his work through the use of Object Relational Psychoanalysis, specifically employing the theories of Melanie Klein, W.R.D. Fairbairn and Donald Winnicott. The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat On A Hot Tin Roof and The Night of The Iguana are analysed from this theoretical stance. All of these plays display great perceptiveness into the human condition, accurately portraying many psychological relational themes. Certain Object Relational themes become very apparent in these analyses. These themes include, Dependency (especially in The Glass Menagerie), Reparation (particularly in A Streetcar Named Desire), Falsehood (notably in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof), Idealisation (evident in The Night of The Iguana), Honest Empathetic Relations (apparent in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and The Night of The Iguana) as well as Guilt, Object Loss, Sexual Guilt, and Obligation (recurring throughout these plays). It is advanced that Williams’ plays posses an honest and insightful understanding of human relations and, as such, are of contemporary value. This Thesis is not only an academic study, but also has practical applications for dramatists. With an increased understanding of the intrinsic tensions and motivations within such plays, offered by such psychoanalytic strategy, performance and staging of such work may be enhanced valuably.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Stakeholder perceptions of success factors in an academically successful Swazi high school in Manzini, Swaziland
- Authors: Mabuza, Johannes Tshotsho
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: St Michael's High (Manzini, Swaziland) Education -- Swaziland Education, Secondary -- Swaziland Academic achievement -- Swaziland High school students -- Swaziland Education -- Parent participation -- Swaziland Educational leadership -- Swaziland School management and organization -- Swaziland
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1901 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006223
- Description: In contrast with the large number of poorly performing schools in Swaziland over the past decade (1991-2000), a few schools have managed to attain consistently good results. One such school is St Michael's High. This study draws on the perceptions of different major stakeholders at St Michael's of factors deemed to have contributed to academic success at the school. The study thus follows Fertig (2000), who advocates research in effective schools to be done by looking at the perceptions of different stakeholders rather than in relation to an objective checklist. In this study, St Michael's High is found to be an effective school. Its experience can play a vital role in helping other ineffective and failing schools to improve their academic standing and tarnished public image, provided the schools unreservedly commit themselves to changing their ways. This investigation is aimed at understanding the roles which the school leadership and associated stakeholders have played in making St Michael's an exemplary school in Swaziland. Its findings indicate that the schools that themselves take the initiative to improve their effectiveness are the ones which are successful, which accords with the consensus in research literature on school effectiveness. The evidence gathered in this study suggests that St Michael's is characteristic of such effective schools. Since this is a qualitative interpretive case study on perception of success factors in a girls' high school within the city of Manzini, interviews comprising semi-structured questions were highly useful in tapping the understanding of how various stakeholders contribute to the academic achievement of students in the school. The findings, organised in the form of themes, help illuminate what appears to be a systematic and well-focussed approach toward the academic development of the school and the fulfilment of its goals. Every aspect of the school system is thoroughly explored. The validity of the stakeholders' claim that St Michael's High is a dream school for most Swazi children is verified by the school's examination results for the past decade. But what the research reveals are the cultural, academic, social, and moral values and beliefs which serve as a strong anchor for the school leadership and management, and without which St Michael's as an organisation would be unable to meet the challenge of implementing academic and national reconstruction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Mabuza, Johannes Tshotsho
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: St Michael's High (Manzini, Swaziland) Education -- Swaziland Education, Secondary -- Swaziland Academic achievement -- Swaziland High school students -- Swaziland Education -- Parent participation -- Swaziland Educational leadership -- Swaziland School management and organization -- Swaziland
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1901 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006223
- Description: In contrast with the large number of poorly performing schools in Swaziland over the past decade (1991-2000), a few schools have managed to attain consistently good results. One such school is St Michael's High. This study draws on the perceptions of different major stakeholders at St Michael's of factors deemed to have contributed to academic success at the school. The study thus follows Fertig (2000), who advocates research in effective schools to be done by looking at the perceptions of different stakeholders rather than in relation to an objective checklist. In this study, St Michael's High is found to be an effective school. Its experience can play a vital role in helping other ineffective and failing schools to improve their academic standing and tarnished public image, provided the schools unreservedly commit themselves to changing their ways. This investigation is aimed at understanding the roles which the school leadership and associated stakeholders have played in making St Michael's an exemplary school in Swaziland. Its findings indicate that the schools that themselves take the initiative to improve their effectiveness are the ones which are successful, which accords with the consensus in research literature on school effectiveness. The evidence gathered in this study suggests that St Michael's is characteristic of such effective schools. Since this is a qualitative interpretive case study on perception of success factors in a girls' high school within the city of Manzini, interviews comprising semi-structured questions were highly useful in tapping the understanding of how various stakeholders contribute to the academic achievement of students in the school. The findings, organised in the form of themes, help illuminate what appears to be a systematic and well-focussed approach toward the academic development of the school and the fulfilment of its goals. Every aspect of the school system is thoroughly explored. The validity of the stakeholders' claim that St Michael's High is a dream school for most Swazi children is verified by the school's examination results for the past decade. But what the research reveals are the cultural, academic, social, and moral values and beliefs which serve as a strong anchor for the school leadership and management, and without which St Michael's as an organisation would be unable to meet the challenge of implementing academic and national reconstruction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The suitability of Alagoasa extrema Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), as a biological control agent for Lantana camara L. in South Africa
- Authors: Williams, Hester Elizabeth
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Lantana camara , Lantana camara -- South Africa , Biological pest control agents -- South Africa , Chrysomelidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5783 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005471 , Lantana camara , Lantana camara -- South Africa , Biological pest control agents -- South Africa , Chrysomelidae
- Description: Lantana camara Linnaeus (Verbenaceae), commonly known as lantana, is a highly invasive weed in many parts of the world. In South Africa it is naturalized in several provinces where it invades pastures, riverbanks, mountain slopes and valleys and commercial and natural forests, forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Chemical and mechanical control methods are expensive, labour intensive and provide only temporary relief as cleared areas are rapidly reinfested by seedlings and coppice growth. A biological control programme was initiated in South Africa in the 1960s, but despite the establishment of 11 agent species, it was considered to have had limited success. Several factors are thought to restrict the impact of the biocontrol agents. Firstly, L. camara occurs in a range of climatic regions, some of which are unsuitable for the establishment of agent species of tropical and subtropical origin. Secondly, L. camara is the result of hybridization between several Lantana species, forming a complex of hybridized and hybridizing varieties in the field, which match none of the Lantana species in the region of origin. This causes partial insect-host incompatibility, displayed as varietal preference. Thirdly, parasitism appears to have significantly reduced the effectiveness of several natural enemies. In spite of all these constraints, biological control has reduced invasion by L. camara by 26%. However, the weed is still very damaging and additional natural enemies are required to reduce infestations further. A flea-beetle species, Alagoasa extrema Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was collected from several sites in the humid subtropical and tropical regions of Mexico, and imported into quarantine in South Africa and studied as a potential biocontrol agent for L. camara. Favourable biological characteristics of this beetle included long-lived adults, several overlapping generations per year, and high adult and larval feeding rates. Observations from the insect’s native range and studies in South Africa suggest that A. extrema would probably be more suited to the subtropical, rather than the temperate areas in South Africa. Laboratory impact studies indicated that feeding damage by A. extrema larvae, over a period spanning the larval stage (16 to 20 days), reduced the above-ground biomass of L. camara plants by up to 29%. Higher larval populations resulted in a higher reduction of biomass. Varietal preference and suitability studies indicated that A. extrema exhibits a degree of varietal preference under laboratory conditions, with one of the white pink L. camara varieties proving the most suitable host. This variety is one of the most damaging varieties in South Africa and is particularly widespread in Mpumalanga Province. Although A. extrema proved to be damaging to L. camara, laboratory host range trials showed it to be an oligophagous species, capable of feeding and developing on several non-target species, especially two native Lippia species (Verbenaceae). The host suitability of these species was marginally lower than that of L. camara and the potential risk to these indigenous species was deemed to be too high to warrant release. It was therefore recommended that A. extrema not be considered for release in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Williams, Hester Elizabeth
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Lantana camara , Lantana camara -- South Africa , Biological pest control agents -- South Africa , Chrysomelidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5783 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005471 , Lantana camara , Lantana camara -- South Africa , Biological pest control agents -- South Africa , Chrysomelidae
- Description: Lantana camara Linnaeus (Verbenaceae), commonly known as lantana, is a highly invasive weed in many parts of the world. In South Africa it is naturalized in several provinces where it invades pastures, riverbanks, mountain slopes and valleys and commercial and natural forests, forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Chemical and mechanical control methods are expensive, labour intensive and provide only temporary relief as cleared areas are rapidly reinfested by seedlings and coppice growth. A biological control programme was initiated in South Africa in the 1960s, but despite the establishment of 11 agent species, it was considered to have had limited success. Several factors are thought to restrict the impact of the biocontrol agents. Firstly, L. camara occurs in a range of climatic regions, some of which are unsuitable for the establishment of agent species of tropical and subtropical origin. Secondly, L. camara is the result of hybridization between several Lantana species, forming a complex of hybridized and hybridizing varieties in the field, which match none of the Lantana species in the region of origin. This causes partial insect-host incompatibility, displayed as varietal preference. Thirdly, parasitism appears to have significantly reduced the effectiveness of several natural enemies. In spite of all these constraints, biological control has reduced invasion by L. camara by 26%. However, the weed is still very damaging and additional natural enemies are required to reduce infestations further. A flea-beetle species, Alagoasa extrema Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was collected from several sites in the humid subtropical and tropical regions of Mexico, and imported into quarantine in South Africa and studied as a potential biocontrol agent for L. camara. Favourable biological characteristics of this beetle included long-lived adults, several overlapping generations per year, and high adult and larval feeding rates. Observations from the insect’s native range and studies in South Africa suggest that A. extrema would probably be more suited to the subtropical, rather than the temperate areas in South Africa. Laboratory impact studies indicated that feeding damage by A. extrema larvae, over a period spanning the larval stage (16 to 20 days), reduced the above-ground biomass of L. camara plants by up to 29%. Higher larval populations resulted in a higher reduction of biomass. Varietal preference and suitability studies indicated that A. extrema exhibits a degree of varietal preference under laboratory conditions, with one of the white pink L. camara varieties proving the most suitable host. This variety is one of the most damaging varieties in South Africa and is particularly widespread in Mpumalanga Province. Although A. extrema proved to be damaging to L. camara, laboratory host range trials showed it to be an oligophagous species, capable of feeding and developing on several non-target species, especially two native Lippia species (Verbenaceae). The host suitability of these species was marginally lower than that of L. camara and the potential risk to these indigenous species was deemed to be too high to warrant release. It was therefore recommended that A. extrema not be considered for release in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
The factors mediating change in people practising mindfulness
- Authors: Watkin, Matthew
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Cognitive therapy Meditation Depression, Mental Anxiety -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3097 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003737
- Description: This study examines the experience of people who have begun practising mindfulness as it is taught in the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction programme (MBSR). The study has two aims: 1) to conceptualise the psychological mechanisms underpinning any change, and 2) to see if the changes produced are the same or similar to those produced in a cognitive therapy programme. The study focuses on two female participants, both with diagnosable psychopathology, who were part of the same MBSR programme at the Cape Town Medi-Clinic. Quantitative self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and medical symptoms were used as a measure of change. In-depth qualitative data which explored psychological, emotional and behavioural changes came from semi-structured interviews taken before, during, and immediately after the MBSR, and at a one-month follow-up. The interview data was supplemented by daily diaries documenting the participants' experiences of mindfulness, together with in-session video recordings. The analysis of these cases provide support for the model proposed by Segal, Teasdale and Williams (2002) of the factors underpinning improvement using mindfulness as a treatment. The changes were found to be similar, but not identical, to those that one would expect in a cognitive therapy programme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Watkin, Matthew
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Cognitive therapy Meditation Depression, Mental Anxiety -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3097 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003737
- Description: This study examines the experience of people who have begun practising mindfulness as it is taught in the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction programme (MBSR). The study has two aims: 1) to conceptualise the psychological mechanisms underpinning any change, and 2) to see if the changes produced are the same or similar to those produced in a cognitive therapy programme. The study focuses on two female participants, both with diagnosable psychopathology, who were part of the same MBSR programme at the Cape Town Medi-Clinic. Quantitative self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and medical symptoms were used as a measure of change. In-depth qualitative data which explored psychological, emotional and behavioural changes came from semi-structured interviews taken before, during, and immediately after the MBSR, and at a one-month follow-up. The interview data was supplemented by daily diaries documenting the participants' experiences of mindfulness, together with in-session video recordings. The analysis of these cases provide support for the model proposed by Segal, Teasdale and Williams (2002) of the factors underpinning improvement using mindfulness as a treatment. The changes were found to be similar, but not identical, to those that one would expect in a cognitive therapy programme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
An empirical, in-depth investigation into service creation in H.323 Version 4 Networks
- Authors: Penton, Jason Barry
- Date: 2003 , 2013-05-24
- Subjects: Computer programming , Computer networks , Computer network protocols
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4681 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007637 , Computer programming , Computer networks , Computer network protocols
- Description: Over the past few years there has been an increasing tendency to carry voice on IP networks as opposed to the PSTN and other switched circuit networks. Initially this trend was favoured due to reduced costs but occurred at the expense of sacrificing the quality of the voice communications. Switched circuit networks have therefore remained the preferred carrier-grade voice communication network, but this is again changing. The advancement in improved quality of service (QoS) of real-time traffic on the IP network is a contributing factor to the anticipated future of the IP network supplying carrier-grade voice communications. Another contributing factor is the possibility of creating a new range of innovative, state-of-the-art telephony and communications services that acquire leverage through the intelligence and flexibility of the IP network. The latter has yet to be fully explored. Various protocols exist that facilitate the transport of voice and other media on IP networks. The most well known and widely supported of these is H.323. This work presents and discusses H.323 version 4 service creation. The work also categorises the various H.323 services and presents the mechanisms provided by H.323 version 4 that have facilitated the development of the three services I have developed, EmailReader, Telgo323 and CANS.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Penton, Jason Barry
- Date: 2003 , 2013-05-24
- Subjects: Computer programming , Computer networks , Computer network protocols
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4681 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007637 , Computer programming , Computer networks , Computer network protocols
- Description: Over the past few years there has been an increasing tendency to carry voice on IP networks as opposed to the PSTN and other switched circuit networks. Initially this trend was favoured due to reduced costs but occurred at the expense of sacrificing the quality of the voice communications. Switched circuit networks have therefore remained the preferred carrier-grade voice communication network, but this is again changing. The advancement in improved quality of service (QoS) of real-time traffic on the IP network is a contributing factor to the anticipated future of the IP network supplying carrier-grade voice communications. Another contributing factor is the possibility of creating a new range of innovative, state-of-the-art telephony and communications services that acquire leverage through the intelligence and flexibility of the IP network. The latter has yet to be fully explored. Various protocols exist that facilitate the transport of voice and other media on IP networks. The most well known and widely supported of these is H.323. This work presents and discusses H.323 version 4 service creation. The work also categorises the various H.323 services and presents the mechanisms provided by H.323 version 4 that have facilitated the development of the three services I have developed, EmailReader, Telgo323 and CANS.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Synthesis of zinc phthalocyanine derivatives for possible use in photodynamic therapy
- Authors: Matlaba, Pulane Maseleka
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Photochemotherapy , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Zinc
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4374 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005039 , Photochemotherapy , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Zinc
- Description: The synthesis of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) derivatives is done according to reported procedures. The unsymmetrical ZnPc derivatives are synthesized by ring expansion of sub-phthalocyanine complexes. Ring substitution is effected with tert-butyl phenol, naphthol, and hydroxybenzoic acid. Comparison of the redox potentials for the complexes substituted with varying numbers of tert-butyl phenol: 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 show that the complex with the highest number of substituents are more difficult to oxidize and easier to reduce. Water soluble sulphonated ZnPc (ZnPcSn) was prepared. The possibility of using axial ligation to increase the solubility and the photochemical activity of sulphotnated ZnPc in aqueous solutions was investigated. Pyridine, aminopyridyl and bipyridyl were used as axial ligands. When bipyridyl was used as the axial ligand, solubility of the ZnPcSn increased, shown by the increase in the Q-band of the monomer species in solution and the singlet oxygen quantum yields was relatively higher than that of the unligated ZnPcSn. The singlet oxygen quantum yields by the various complexes in DMF using diphenylisobenzofuran as a chemical quencher for organic solvent were determined. Singlet oxygen quantum yields for the unsymmetrically ring substituted complexes range from 0.22 to 0.68. Photobleaching quantum yields are in the order of 10-5, which means that the complexes are relatively photostable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Matlaba, Pulane Maseleka
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Photochemotherapy , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Zinc
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4374 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005039 , Photochemotherapy , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Zinc
- Description: The synthesis of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc) derivatives is done according to reported procedures. The unsymmetrical ZnPc derivatives are synthesized by ring expansion of sub-phthalocyanine complexes. Ring substitution is effected with tert-butyl phenol, naphthol, and hydroxybenzoic acid. Comparison of the redox potentials for the complexes substituted with varying numbers of tert-butyl phenol: 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 show that the complex with the highest number of substituents are more difficult to oxidize and easier to reduce. Water soluble sulphonated ZnPc (ZnPcSn) was prepared. The possibility of using axial ligation to increase the solubility and the photochemical activity of sulphotnated ZnPc in aqueous solutions was investigated. Pyridine, aminopyridyl and bipyridyl were used as axial ligands. When bipyridyl was used as the axial ligand, solubility of the ZnPcSn increased, shown by the increase in the Q-band of the monomer species in solution and the singlet oxygen quantum yields was relatively higher than that of the unligated ZnPcSn. The singlet oxygen quantum yields by the various complexes in DMF using diphenylisobenzofuran as a chemical quencher for organic solvent were determined. Singlet oxygen quantum yields for the unsymmetrically ring substituted complexes range from 0.22 to 0.68. Photobleaching quantum yields are in the order of 10-5, which means that the complexes are relatively photostable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003