Semantic field analysis and the structure of culture: a comparative study of Sotho and Xhosa
- Authors: Thipa, Henry Mothebesoane
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Xhosa language -- Semantics , Sotho language -- Semantics , Xhosa language -- Social aspects , Sotho language -- Social aspects , Field theory (Linguistics) , Componential analysis (Linguistics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3647 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015985
- Description: Analyses of Sotho and Xhosa seem to concentrate predominantly on morphological, tonological and phonological studies. Semantics seems to be a relatively neglected area in African Languages. It is the view of the writer that attention should now be turned increasingly to semantics. In fact, except perhaps for van Rooy's Venda work semantic field analysis does not seem to have been undertaken in African Languages. This thesis is an attempt to contribute in this particular area of linguistic analysis. In addition to that, the present study is an attempt to explore new dimensions in African language study, namely the application of componential analysis to two African languages, Sesotho and Xhosa. In general terns, the aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between language and culture. Very little seems to have been done in this particular area in African languages. In this connection the only work that comes to mind is van Rooy' s Venda work which has already been referred to above. In that work, van Rooy tries to show the integration of language and culture in the communication of the Christian message as illustrated by the Venda Bible. Perhaps with the notable exception of Siertsema there seems to be some scholarly concensus about the relationship between language and culture as the following brief survey will show. Boas, the American anthropologist, for example has investigated the interplay of the environment, cultural life and linguistic form. This be has done by comparing Kwakiutl, an American Indian language, with the Eskimo language. Lotz shows how the structure of one semantic field, or area of semantically related terms, namely numerals, can shape the goals a particular linguistic community strives for in a major cultural activity such as sports. Conklin shows how languages may differ not only in their segmentation of a semantic field e.g. colour, but also in the dimensions of semantic fields themselves. Siertsema, on the other hand, takes a different view from the above views. Only a brief summary of his views will be given here. A fuller exposition will be made in the next chapter when some theoretical issues are considered. He disputes the view that language and culture are related. It must be noted though that he does not speak specifically of culture but of a world view. He examines four "properties" of language and on their basis disputes the language - world view relationship which he eventually dismisses as showing circular reasoning. Perhaps another scholar that needs to be mentioned is Whorf who admittedly is not writing about semantic fields. His relevance to the present discussion lies in the fact that he also considers the relationship between language and other phenomena, namely thought. He writes, "We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions 'Which has to be organized by our minds - and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe signfiicances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way - an agreement that ... is codified in the patterns of our language". Whorf 's theory has been called the Dissection Theory from the opening line of the quotation that has just been referred to. Put in a nutshell, what Whorf is saying is that language has a constraining influence on thought or cognition. Or, perhaps put in another way, it is through language that reality is NECESSARILY apprehended. Thought and cognition have to be seen as necessarily dependent on language, at least in certain respects. Whorf discusses a linguistic - philosophic problem which is not really relevant to a study that addresses itself to semantic fields. In exploring the relationship between language and culture some semantic fields will be analyzed. A lexical analysis of each semantic field will then be done applying some of the insights and techniques of componential analysis. What this means, is that we shall start with vocabulary, analyze it and see through its structure the structured world of culture. The question may well be asked, why Sotho and Xhosa? Firstly, the reason for choosing these two languages is for comparison and contrast. Sotho and Xhosa belong to the same language area, traditionally known as the south-eastern zone. As a result, these two languages share certain morphological, syntactic and phonological phenomena. Because the present study is basically semantic one can also add that the choice of the two languages is meant to reveal the extent of semantic similarities and differences between them. Secondly, the writer is, so to speak, bi-cultural. He is very well acquainted with both Basotho and amaXhosa cultures firstly, because of the circumstances of his birth and secondly, because of his education. The writer is actually Sotho speaking with a Xhosa speaking mother. He also has university training in both Sotho and Xhosa, languages he can speak fluently. All these factors are mentioned here in order to lay some claim to competence in both Sotho and Xhosa. Basotho and amaxhosa live in slightly distinct worlds despite all linguistic affinities between their languages. They have slightly different perceptions of the same reality. This accounts for the difference in the organization of any selected field, however slight in some cases. This factor seems to be an indication of the fact that the conceptualization of the universe differs from language to language. This is the point that is also made by Hoijer and Lyons. Hoijer argues that the "real world" to a large extent depends, perhaps unconsciously , on the language habits of the speakers. He goes on to say that no two languages are so similar as to be considered to represent the same social reality. This naturally goes for Sotho and Xhosa as well. The world in which different peoples live are different and cannot merely be characterized as the same world with only different labels. Lyons is even more pertinent to the present study, ''Every language is integrated with the culture in which it operates; and its lexical structure reflects those distinctions which are (or have been) important in the cultures. This statement cannot be overemphasized. While the assumption will be held that language reflects culture, one may hasten to add that not every word in a language does so. For example, there does not seem to be anything particularly cultural about interjectives or about ideophones. In other words, some lexical items are more significant than others in this respect. One should therefore rather speak of lexical items as being a mirror of culture in 'a selective kind of way. As Hymes puts it, "In a particular culture a language serves as a sort of "metalanguage", a cultural way of communicating about much, not all of the culture". (Emphasis added).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Thipa, Henry Mothebesoane
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Xhosa language -- Semantics , Sotho language -- Semantics , Xhosa language -- Social aspects , Sotho language -- Social aspects , Field theory (Linguistics) , Componential analysis (Linguistics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3647 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015985
- Description: Analyses of Sotho and Xhosa seem to concentrate predominantly on morphological, tonological and phonological studies. Semantics seems to be a relatively neglected area in African Languages. It is the view of the writer that attention should now be turned increasingly to semantics. In fact, except perhaps for van Rooy's Venda work semantic field analysis does not seem to have been undertaken in African Languages. This thesis is an attempt to contribute in this particular area of linguistic analysis. In addition to that, the present study is an attempt to explore new dimensions in African language study, namely the application of componential analysis to two African languages, Sesotho and Xhosa. In general terns, the aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between language and culture. Very little seems to have been done in this particular area in African languages. In this connection the only work that comes to mind is van Rooy' s Venda work which has already been referred to above. In that work, van Rooy tries to show the integration of language and culture in the communication of the Christian message as illustrated by the Venda Bible. Perhaps with the notable exception of Siertsema there seems to be some scholarly concensus about the relationship between language and culture as the following brief survey will show. Boas, the American anthropologist, for example has investigated the interplay of the environment, cultural life and linguistic form. This be has done by comparing Kwakiutl, an American Indian language, with the Eskimo language. Lotz shows how the structure of one semantic field, or area of semantically related terms, namely numerals, can shape the goals a particular linguistic community strives for in a major cultural activity such as sports. Conklin shows how languages may differ not only in their segmentation of a semantic field e.g. colour, but also in the dimensions of semantic fields themselves. Siertsema, on the other hand, takes a different view from the above views. Only a brief summary of his views will be given here. A fuller exposition will be made in the next chapter when some theoretical issues are considered. He disputes the view that language and culture are related. It must be noted though that he does not speak specifically of culture but of a world view. He examines four "properties" of language and on their basis disputes the language - world view relationship which he eventually dismisses as showing circular reasoning. Perhaps another scholar that needs to be mentioned is Whorf who admittedly is not writing about semantic fields. His relevance to the present discussion lies in the fact that he also considers the relationship between language and other phenomena, namely thought. He writes, "We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions 'Which has to be organized by our minds - and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe signfiicances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way - an agreement that ... is codified in the patterns of our language". Whorf 's theory has been called the Dissection Theory from the opening line of the quotation that has just been referred to. Put in a nutshell, what Whorf is saying is that language has a constraining influence on thought or cognition. Or, perhaps put in another way, it is through language that reality is NECESSARILY apprehended. Thought and cognition have to be seen as necessarily dependent on language, at least in certain respects. Whorf discusses a linguistic - philosophic problem which is not really relevant to a study that addresses itself to semantic fields. In exploring the relationship between language and culture some semantic fields will be analyzed. A lexical analysis of each semantic field will then be done applying some of the insights and techniques of componential analysis. What this means, is that we shall start with vocabulary, analyze it and see through its structure the structured world of culture. The question may well be asked, why Sotho and Xhosa? Firstly, the reason for choosing these two languages is for comparison and contrast. Sotho and Xhosa belong to the same language area, traditionally known as the south-eastern zone. As a result, these two languages share certain morphological, syntactic and phonological phenomena. Because the present study is basically semantic one can also add that the choice of the two languages is meant to reveal the extent of semantic similarities and differences between them. Secondly, the writer is, so to speak, bi-cultural. He is very well acquainted with both Basotho and amaXhosa cultures firstly, because of the circumstances of his birth and secondly, because of his education. The writer is actually Sotho speaking with a Xhosa speaking mother. He also has university training in both Sotho and Xhosa, languages he can speak fluently. All these factors are mentioned here in order to lay some claim to competence in both Sotho and Xhosa. Basotho and amaxhosa live in slightly distinct worlds despite all linguistic affinities between their languages. They have slightly different perceptions of the same reality. This accounts for the difference in the organization of any selected field, however slight in some cases. This factor seems to be an indication of the fact that the conceptualization of the universe differs from language to language. This is the point that is also made by Hoijer and Lyons. Hoijer argues that the "real world" to a large extent depends, perhaps unconsciously , on the language habits of the speakers. He goes on to say that no two languages are so similar as to be considered to represent the same social reality. This naturally goes for Sotho and Xhosa as well. The world in which different peoples live are different and cannot merely be characterized as the same world with only different labels. Lyons is even more pertinent to the present study, ''Every language is integrated with the culture in which it operates; and its lexical structure reflects those distinctions which are (or have been) important in the cultures. This statement cannot be overemphasized. While the assumption will be held that language reflects culture, one may hasten to add that not every word in a language does so. For example, there does not seem to be anything particularly cultural about interjectives or about ideophones. In other words, some lexical items are more significant than others in this respect. One should therefore rather speak of lexical items as being a mirror of culture in 'a selective kind of way. As Hymes puts it, "In a particular culture a language serves as a sort of "metalanguage", a cultural way of communicating about much, not all of the culture". (Emphasis added).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Rhodes University Annual Report 1980
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Rhodes University -- history Rhodes University -- employees Rhodes University -- students
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:20013
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Rhodes University -- history Rhodes University -- employees Rhodes University -- students
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:20013
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Retirement of Wilbert Askew
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7423 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018300
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7423 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018300
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
An investigation of the corporate planning concept in a South African motor manufacturing undertaking
- Authors: Coman, Keith Rawson
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Business planning -- South Africa , Motor vehicle industry -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1081 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010583 , Business planning -- South Africa , Motor vehicle industry -- South Africa
- Description: The intention of this dissertation is to attempt to project the theoretical concept of Corporate (or Long-Range) Planning into the reality of one of South Africa's major motor vehicle manufacturing company's task environment. It is a sad fact that there are no universally - applicable practical planning "laws" (as are present within the discipline of, say, Physics) amidst the ever-changing hurly-burly world of modern commerce and industry. Accordingly, there are very real distinctions between distilled Corporate Planning theory, as it is propounded in the many available books and articles, and Corporate Planning practice as actually implemented. This is true largely by virtue of the fact that in the same way as persons differ in their physical and mental make-up, so too do individual companies; even to the extent of acquiring a distinct corporate "personality" of their own. Terms of reference, p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Coman, Keith Rawson
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Business planning -- South Africa , Motor vehicle industry -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1081 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010583 , Business planning -- South Africa , Motor vehicle industry -- South Africa
- Description: The intention of this dissertation is to attempt to project the theoretical concept of Corporate (or Long-Range) Planning into the reality of one of South Africa's major motor vehicle manufacturing company's task environment. It is a sad fact that there are no universally - applicable practical planning "laws" (as are present within the discipline of, say, Physics) amidst the ever-changing hurly-burly world of modern commerce and industry. Accordingly, there are very real distinctions between distilled Corporate Planning theory, as it is propounded in the many available books and articles, and Corporate Planning practice as actually implemented. This is true largely by virtue of the fact that in the same way as persons differ in their physical and mental make-up, so too do individual companies; even to the extent of acquiring a distinct corporate "personality" of their own. Terms of reference, p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Systematics and biogeography of the redfin Barbus species (Pisces : Cyprinidae) from Southern Africa
- Authors: Skelton, Paul Harvey
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Barbus Cyprinidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5211 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004776
- Description: Resumé: This study deals with the systematics and biogeography of a group of minnowlike Barbus species which, as adults, are characterized by bright red fins. The species are found in the coastal rivers of the fold belt region of the southern and south-western Cape Province. A closely related species, Oreodaimon quathlambae, inhabits certain high altitude streams of the Drakensberg mountains. Traditional methods were employed to revise the taxonomy of the species. Characters studied included morphometric and meristic measurements, and several qualitative anatomical features, several of which were studied in these species for the first time. A new species, Barbus erubescens Skelton, was described during the course of the study (Appendix 3). The taxonomic status of other species are endorsed or revised (B.afer and B.asper). Each species is redescribed and figured. The complete osteology of one redfin species, B.burchelli, is described and illustrated. Comparisons are made with all other redfin species and various osteological characters of systematic value are discussed. The phylogeny of the redfins is studied using Hennigian methods. Comparative data from other southern African Barbus species and pertinent literature were used to determine and evaluate synapomorphic characters and character sequences. The redfins sensu lato are shown to be diphyletic. Barbus calidus Barnard and B.erubescens were found to be sister species not closely related to the other redfin species. Oreodaimon quathlambae (Barnard) is shown to be monophyletic with the second redfin lineage. Barbus burgi Boulenger is placed as the plesiomorph sister species in this lineage and consecutive dichotomies derive Barbus burchelli (Smith); Barbus afer Peters, and Barbus asper Boulenger; Barbus phlegethon Barnard; Barbus tenuis Barnard and Oreodaimon quathlambae. The classification of the redfins is reviewed in the light of their phylogeny and recommendations for an infonnal hierarchy are made. The generic status of each lineage is considered and a new genus, Pseudobarbus, erected for all the redfin species except B.calidus and B.erubescens, but including O. quathlambae. The distributions of redfin species are recorded. A hypothesis is given to explain this distribution, based on a comparison of distribution patterns of a number of plant and animal species and a consideration of the geological and geographical history of southern Africa. Vicariance is suggested to be the major factor which influenced redfin distribution. A theory of dispersal explains the distribution of P.tenuis. The biogeography suggests the redfins are relatively ancient (possibly Miocene?) southern African fishes. Suggestions are made on future studies on the redfins. Attention is drawn to possible implications of the redfin study on systematic study of southern African freshwater fishes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Systematics and biogeography of the redfin Barbus species (Pisces : Cyprinidae) from Southern Africa
- Authors: Skelton, Paul Harvey
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Barbus Cyprinidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5211 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004776
- Description: Resumé: This study deals with the systematics and biogeography of a group of minnowlike Barbus species which, as adults, are characterized by bright red fins. The species are found in the coastal rivers of the fold belt region of the southern and south-western Cape Province. A closely related species, Oreodaimon quathlambae, inhabits certain high altitude streams of the Drakensberg mountains. Traditional methods were employed to revise the taxonomy of the species. Characters studied included morphometric and meristic measurements, and several qualitative anatomical features, several of which were studied in these species for the first time. A new species, Barbus erubescens Skelton, was described during the course of the study (Appendix 3). The taxonomic status of other species are endorsed or revised (B.afer and B.asper). Each species is redescribed and figured. The complete osteology of one redfin species, B.burchelli, is described and illustrated. Comparisons are made with all other redfin species and various osteological characters of systematic value are discussed. The phylogeny of the redfins is studied using Hennigian methods. Comparative data from other southern African Barbus species and pertinent literature were used to determine and evaluate synapomorphic characters and character sequences. The redfins sensu lato are shown to be diphyletic. Barbus calidus Barnard and B.erubescens were found to be sister species not closely related to the other redfin species. Oreodaimon quathlambae (Barnard) is shown to be monophyletic with the second redfin lineage. Barbus burgi Boulenger is placed as the plesiomorph sister species in this lineage and consecutive dichotomies derive Barbus burchelli (Smith); Barbus afer Peters, and Barbus asper Boulenger; Barbus phlegethon Barnard; Barbus tenuis Barnard and Oreodaimon quathlambae. The classification of the redfins is reviewed in the light of their phylogeny and recommendations for an infonnal hierarchy are made. The generic status of each lineage is considered and a new genus, Pseudobarbus, erected for all the redfin species except B.calidus and B.erubescens, but including O. quathlambae. The distributions of redfin species are recorded. A hypothesis is given to explain this distribution, based on a comparison of distribution patterns of a number of plant and animal species and a consideration of the geological and geographical history of southern Africa. Vicariance is suggested to be the major factor which influenced redfin distribution. A theory of dispersal explains the distribution of P.tenuis. The biogeography suggests the redfins are relatively ancient (possibly Miocene?) southern African fishes. Suggestions are made on future studies on the redfins. Attention is drawn to possible implications of the redfin study on systematic study of southern African freshwater fishes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Event in honour of Doctor Sir Michael Edwardes
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7420 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018297
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7420 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018297
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Aspects of the theory and practice of choral training in South African schools
- Authors: Radue, Robin R
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Choral music -- Scores Choral music -- Instruction and study Choirs (Music) -- Instruction and study , Choral singing , Scores , Children's choirs , Choral training
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MMus
- Identifier: vital:2629 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001974
- Description: Firstly, the matter of constituting a choir is discussed. This involves auditioning, with its attendant problems of nervousness and self-consciousness on the part of the children, and assessment on that of the trainer. In the final analysis, after enthusiastically advertising the rewards to be gained from choral singing, and after trying to create an environment which is seen to be conducive to this philosophy, the trainer has to make the best of the willing forces available. Rehearsals are probably more important than performances, since the time devoted to preparation is much longer. Moreover, the educational value of carefully preparing the music and of becoming acquainted with the techniques of singing and with the aesthetic niceties of style and interpretation should by no means be underestimated. The choir and trainer get to know not only the music but also each other, and the trainer has to use his skills wisely in developing the human and musical resources available to him, in order to realize their greatest potential (Introduction, p. ii-iii)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Radue, Robin R
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Choral music -- Scores Choral music -- Instruction and study Choirs (Music) -- Instruction and study , Choral singing , Scores , Children's choirs , Choral training
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MMus
- Identifier: vital:2629 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001974
- Description: Firstly, the matter of constituting a choir is discussed. This involves auditioning, with its attendant problems of nervousness and self-consciousness on the part of the children, and assessment on that of the trainer. In the final analysis, after enthusiastically advertising the rewards to be gained from choral singing, and after trying to create an environment which is seen to be conducive to this philosophy, the trainer has to make the best of the willing forces available. Rehearsals are probably more important than performances, since the time devoted to preparation is much longer. Moreover, the educational value of carefully preparing the music and of becoming acquainted with the techniques of singing and with the aesthetic niceties of style and interpretation should by no means be underestimated. The choir and trainer get to know not only the music but also each other, and the trainer has to use his skills wisely in developing the human and musical resources available to him, in order to realize their greatest potential (Introduction, p. ii-iii)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Vice Chancellor's Address to staff, 1980
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:7438 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018315
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:7438 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018315
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Official opening of the Rhodes University Sports Centre, 1980
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:7408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018285
- Description: Official opening of the Rhodes University Sports Centre, 11 June 1980.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:7408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018285
- Description: Official opening of the Rhodes University Sports Centre, 11 June 1980.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Geological factors in the evaluation of vein deposits
- Authors: Neuhoff, Larry E.
- Date: 1980 , 2013-04-02
- Subjects: Veins (Geology) , Hydrothermal deposits , Mineralogy , Geology, Economic
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5029 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006911 , Veins (Geology) , Hydrothermal deposits , Mineralogy , Geology, Economic
- Description: From introduction: Vein-type mineralization, particularly gold, copper, tin and tungsten has provided a source of metal to man for over 2000 years. These deposits are usually small but in some cases are of very high grade. Prior to 1940 veins were extremely important sources of metals because of their relatively high-grades. However, with improved mining, smelting and concentrating methods, much lower grade material became economic, hence these smaller deposits could no longer hold their dominance. Recently the energy crisis and escalating costs of capital for large projects has made smaller deposits attractive once more (Temblay and Descarreaux, 1978) . At the present time gold, tin and tungsten command high prices on world markets. It is for these reasons that a study of the evaluation techniques pertaining to these deposits has been undertaken. In this review the geological factors which influence the evaluation are stressed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the emplacement of vein deposits, and the subsequent chemical and structural modifications of these deposits. The latter part of the review concentrates on the limitations of the sampling and ore reserve techniques that can be applied to the evaluation of mineralized veins. In the conclusion those techniques that are most applicable are stressed, and an evaluation model is outlined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Neuhoff, Larry E.
- Date: 1980 , 2013-04-02
- Subjects: Veins (Geology) , Hydrothermal deposits , Mineralogy , Geology, Economic
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5029 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006911 , Veins (Geology) , Hydrothermal deposits , Mineralogy , Geology, Economic
- Description: From introduction: Vein-type mineralization, particularly gold, copper, tin and tungsten has provided a source of metal to man for over 2000 years. These deposits are usually small but in some cases are of very high grade. Prior to 1940 veins were extremely important sources of metals because of their relatively high-grades. However, with improved mining, smelting and concentrating methods, much lower grade material became economic, hence these smaller deposits could no longer hold their dominance. Recently the energy crisis and escalating costs of capital for large projects has made smaller deposits attractive once more (Temblay and Descarreaux, 1978) . At the present time gold, tin and tungsten command high prices on world markets. It is for these reasons that a study of the evaluation techniques pertaining to these deposits has been undertaken. In this review the geological factors which influence the evaluation are stressed. In particular, emphasis is placed on the emplacement of vein deposits, and the subsequent chemical and structural modifications of these deposits. The latter part of the review concentrates on the limitations of the sampling and ore reserve techniques that can be applied to the evaluation of mineralized veins. In the conclusion those techniques that are most applicable are stressed, and an evaluation model is outlined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Un' analisi del personaggio femminile in alcune tragedie di Vittorio Alfieri
- Quadu, Francesco Pietro Luigi
- Authors: Quadu, Francesco Pietro Luigi
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Vittorio Alfieri , Criticism , Italian literature , 18th century , Drama , Tragedies , Alfieri, Vittorio, 1749-1803 -- Criticism and interpretation
- Language: Italian
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3560 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002007
- Description: Vittorio Alfieri (1749-1803) usava nel creare le sue tragedie un piano particolare: dapprima 'ideava', cioè fissava rapidamente la struttura dell'opera; in seguito, 'stendeva', e metteva su carta tutto ciò che gli passava per la mente, in prosa, con impeto e furore; in ultimo, 'verseggiava', ed ogni pensiero veniva cambiato in endecasillabi, ed attentamente limava tutte le imperfezioni: nasceva così la tragedia.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Quadu, Francesco Pietro Luigi
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Vittorio Alfieri , Criticism , Italian literature , 18th century , Drama , Tragedies , Alfieri, Vittorio, 1749-1803 -- Criticism and interpretation
- Language: Italian
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3560 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002007
- Description: Vittorio Alfieri (1749-1803) usava nel creare le sue tragedie un piano particolare: dapprima 'ideava', cioè fissava rapidamente la struttura dell'opera; in seguito, 'stendeva', e metteva su carta tutto ciò che gli passava per la mente, in prosa, con impeto e furore; in ultimo, 'verseggiava', ed ogni pensiero veniva cambiato in endecasillabi, ed attentamente limava tutte le imperfezioni: nasceva così la tragedia.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
'n Sintaktiese ondersoek na die gebruik van die neweskikkende voegwoord in Afrikaans
- Authors: Bosch, Agnes Barbara
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Afrikaans language -- Conjunctions Afrikaans language -- Syntax
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3600 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002184
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Bosch, Agnes Barbara
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Afrikaans language -- Conjunctions Afrikaans language -- Syntax
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3600 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002184
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
A real time Fast Fourier Transform analyser
- Authors: Fisher, John Stanley
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Fourier transformations Ionosondes Algorithms Computer simulation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5439 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001992
- Description: From the requirements of the Ionosonde digitisation project, undertaken by Rhodes University Antarctic Research Group, it was decided to use the Fast Fourier Transform to compute the spectrum analysis. Several FFT algorithms are reviewed and properties discussed, and the Ccoley Tukey algorithm chosen for utilization. The hardware implementation of this algorithm, and the microprogram control of the whole system are discussed in detail, and such design aspects that required computer simulation are also treated in detail. The final testing of the analyser is shown, and includes a test using data from an ionosonde sounding. The conclusions contain details of extensions to the analysers present operation, required by plans to place the whole Chirpsounder under microprocessor control
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Fisher, John Stanley
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Fourier transformations Ionosondes Algorithms Computer simulation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5439 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001992
- Description: From the requirements of the Ionosonde digitisation project, undertaken by Rhodes University Antarctic Research Group, it was decided to use the Fast Fourier Transform to compute the spectrum analysis. Several FFT algorithms are reviewed and properties discussed, and the Ccoley Tukey algorithm chosen for utilization. The hardware implementation of this algorithm, and the microprogram control of the whole system are discussed in detail, and such design aspects that required computer simulation are also treated in detail. The final testing of the analyser is shown, and includes a test using data from an ionosonde sounding. The conclusions contain details of extensions to the analysers present operation, required by plans to place the whole Chirpsounder under microprocessor control
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
The image of agriculture in two Ciskeian communities
- Authors: Webb, Nigel L
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Urban agriculture -- Eastern Cape , Land use, Urban -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Urban agriculture
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:4791 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001891
- Description: Agriculture is a complex cultural institution. This is particularly the case when studying subsistence conditions in a tribal system, because aspects requiring investigation include social, religious, political and economic factors (Dalton, 1967). These factors represent an extremely broad sphere of inquiry and the large number of relevant aspects has been the cause of problems plaguing attempts to develop subsistence agriculture (Grigg, 1973). The purpose of this study is to outline an environmental perception approach to agriculture and explore the contribution that the approach could make to agricultural improvement. As such it represents a pilot study which attempts to introduce behavioural science research into agricultural development. Foster (et all (1965) outline three research foci in this respect; the socio-cultural-psychological system of the recipient people (farmers), the system of the innovating organization, and the interaction of the two. This study deals with the first focus outlined by Foster, and aims to make a statement about the image that two semi-subsistence communities have of their agricultural system. In other words, how their agricultural system appears to them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Webb, Nigel L
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Urban agriculture -- Eastern Cape , Land use, Urban -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agriculture -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Urban agriculture
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:4791 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001891
- Description: Agriculture is a complex cultural institution. This is particularly the case when studying subsistence conditions in a tribal system, because aspects requiring investigation include social, religious, political and economic factors (Dalton, 1967). These factors represent an extremely broad sphere of inquiry and the large number of relevant aspects has been the cause of problems plaguing attempts to develop subsistence agriculture (Grigg, 1973). The purpose of this study is to outline an environmental perception approach to agriculture and explore the contribution that the approach could make to agricultural improvement. As such it represents a pilot study which attempts to introduce behavioural science research into agricultural development. Foster (et all (1965) outline three research foci in this respect; the socio-cultural-psychological system of the recipient people (farmers), the system of the innovating organization, and the interaction of the two. This study deals with the first focus outlined by Foster, and aims to make a statement about the image that two semi-subsistence communities have of their agricultural system. In other words, how their agricultural system appears to them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
A phenomenological explication of a client's retrospective experience of psychotherapy
- Authors: Eppel, Mark Dan
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Psychotherapy -- Research , Insight in psychotherapy , Psychotherapy -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006962 , Psychotherapy -- Research , Insight in psychotherapy , Psychotherapy -- Case studies
- Description: From introduction: This study is an attempt to explore and describe phenomenologically a clients total retrospective experience of psychotherapy. The research consistently and radically approaches the phenomenon of the experience of psychotherapy from the clients own perspective and is conceived as a mutual project between researcher and subject. The phenomenological method is used to explicate the subjects qualitative experience of psychotherapy so as not to impose any presuppositions regarding the nature of this experience. At all times the research remains as faithful as possible to the subjects personal account of her therapy experience
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Eppel, Mark Dan
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Psychotherapy -- Research , Insight in psychotherapy , Psychotherapy -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006962 , Psychotherapy -- Research , Insight in psychotherapy , Psychotherapy -- Case studies
- Description: From introduction: This study is an attempt to explore and describe phenomenologically a clients total retrospective experience of psychotherapy. The research consistently and radically approaches the phenomenon of the experience of psychotherapy from the clients own perspective and is conceived as a mutual project between researcher and subject. The phenomenological method is used to explicate the subjects qualitative experience of psychotherapy so as not to impose any presuppositions regarding the nature of this experience. At all times the research remains as faithful as possible to the subjects personal account of her therapy experience
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
John Nunn retirement
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7417 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018294
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Henderson, Derek Scott
- Date: 1980
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:7417 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018294
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Characterization and mode of action of a bacteriocin produced by a Bacteroides Fragilis strain
- Mossie, Godwin Mxolisi Kevin
- Authors: Mossie, Godwin Mxolisi Kevin
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Bacteroides , Anaerobic bacteria , Trypsin , Dinitrophenol , Proteins -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4124 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013543
- Description: Bacteroides fragilis strain Bf-1 produces an extracellular bacteriocin at the beginning of the stationary growth phase. Production is not inducible by either ultraviolet light or mitomycin C. The low molecular weight bacteriocin (MW estimates of 13 500 and 18 800 obtained from Sephadex G-100 chromatography and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis respecively) is stable between pH 7 - 9 and is inactivated on incubation with trypsin and pronase. An unusual feature of the Bf-1 bacteriocin is its apparent biphasic temperature stability: while the majority of the activity (97%) is destroyed by heating at 60ºC (t [subscript] 1/2 = 2.5 min at 60ºC), a small proportion (3%) is stable even after autoclaving at 121ºC for 15 min. The killing of sensitive cells occurs in 2 stages and the killing action is reversed by incubation with trypsin. The transition from stage I to stage II is dependent on the temperature of incubation and the growth state of sensitive cells. 2,4-Dinitrophenol prevents this transition. The Bf-1 bacteriocin has an unusual mode of action. It specifically inhibits RNA synthesis whilst having no effect on protein or DNA synthesis. No effect on intracellular ATP levels were observed. The heat-stable (3%) fraction had a similar biochemical effect. In vitro studies involving RNA polymerase indicated that the bacteriocin and the antibiotic rifampicin have similar effects on RNA synthesis. The bacteriocinogenic strain (Bf-1) is insensitive to its own bacteriocin both in vivo and in vitro, although this immunity is overcome in vitro by the addition of higher concentrations of the Bf-1 bacteriocin. The bacteriocinogenic strain (Bf-1) harbors a cryptic plasmid (or plasmids) which on a neutral sucrose gradient, sediments faster than the Col E1 marker plasmid DNA. Attempts to cure this strain of its bacteriocinogenic phenotype were unsuccessful.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Mossie, Godwin Mxolisi Kevin
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Bacteroides , Anaerobic bacteria , Trypsin , Dinitrophenol , Proteins -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4124 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013543
- Description: Bacteroides fragilis strain Bf-1 produces an extracellular bacteriocin at the beginning of the stationary growth phase. Production is not inducible by either ultraviolet light or mitomycin C. The low molecular weight bacteriocin (MW estimates of 13 500 and 18 800 obtained from Sephadex G-100 chromatography and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis respecively) is stable between pH 7 - 9 and is inactivated on incubation with trypsin and pronase. An unusual feature of the Bf-1 bacteriocin is its apparent biphasic temperature stability: while the majority of the activity (97%) is destroyed by heating at 60ºC (t [subscript] 1/2 = 2.5 min at 60ºC), a small proportion (3%) is stable even after autoclaving at 121ºC for 15 min. The killing of sensitive cells occurs in 2 stages and the killing action is reversed by incubation with trypsin. The transition from stage I to stage II is dependent on the temperature of incubation and the growth state of sensitive cells. 2,4-Dinitrophenol prevents this transition. The Bf-1 bacteriocin has an unusual mode of action. It specifically inhibits RNA synthesis whilst having no effect on protein or DNA synthesis. No effect on intracellular ATP levels were observed. The heat-stable (3%) fraction had a similar biochemical effect. In vitro studies involving RNA polymerase indicated that the bacteriocin and the antibiotic rifampicin have similar effects on RNA synthesis. The bacteriocinogenic strain (Bf-1) is insensitive to its own bacteriocin both in vivo and in vitro, although this immunity is overcome in vitro by the addition of higher concentrations of the Bf-1 bacteriocin. The bacteriocinogenic strain (Bf-1) harbors a cryptic plasmid (or plasmids) which on a neutral sucrose gradient, sediments faster than the Col E1 marker plasmid DNA. Attempts to cure this strain of its bacteriocinogenic phenotype were unsuccessful.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
The meaning of becoming and being a member of a small and structured religious group
- Authors: Stones, Christopher R
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Religious communities -- South Africa Jesus People -- South Africa -- Johannesburg Hare Krishnas -- South Africa -- Johannesburg Divine Light Mission Seminarians -- South Africa -- Pretoria Catholic theological seminaries -- South Africa Phenomenological psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3101 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004381
- Description: The concern of this investigation is with the meaning of becoming as well as being a member of one of four specific small and structured religious communities. Three of these religious groups - the Jesus People, the Hare Krishna Devotees and the Maharaj Ji Premies - are considered to be nonconformist in terms of the life-style, value-system and theology each adopts within the mainstream social and theological ethos, while the fourth group - a sample of Catholic Seminarians - like the other groups is a small community with a structured life-style, but its life-style and value-system is not necessarily non-conformist. These groups are all to be found, amongst other places, in Johannesburg, apart from the Catholic Priests, all of whom were living in a seminary in Pretoria. All the members of these religious communities - both men and women - who were interviewed were Caucasian, their educational standard ranged from pre-matric through to university graduate status, and the overall average age of the 9rouP members was 24 years - the youngest subject was aged 17 while the oldest was 31 years of age. Rather than a meas~rement orientated procedure, a phenomenologically inspired methodological procedure was used to explicitate the data. It is argued that a descriptive phenomenological perspective is more appropriate for the elucidation of meaning-structures, especially with reference to the present inquiry, than would be a quantitative, measurement and mathematical treatment of the subject matter with which this thesis is concerned. The results are best summarized by stating that, although the explication revealed that the four groups are distinctly different in certain aspects of the meaning-structures of the individuals' becoming and being members of a group, there are nonetheless marked similarities between the groups in other aspects of the explicitated data.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Stones, Christopher R
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Religious communities -- South Africa Jesus People -- South Africa -- Johannesburg Hare Krishnas -- South Africa -- Johannesburg Divine Light Mission Seminarians -- South Africa -- Pretoria Catholic theological seminaries -- South Africa Phenomenological psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3101 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004381
- Description: The concern of this investigation is with the meaning of becoming as well as being a member of one of four specific small and structured religious communities. Three of these religious groups - the Jesus People, the Hare Krishna Devotees and the Maharaj Ji Premies - are considered to be nonconformist in terms of the life-style, value-system and theology each adopts within the mainstream social and theological ethos, while the fourth group - a sample of Catholic Seminarians - like the other groups is a small community with a structured life-style, but its life-style and value-system is not necessarily non-conformist. These groups are all to be found, amongst other places, in Johannesburg, apart from the Catholic Priests, all of whom were living in a seminary in Pretoria. All the members of these religious communities - both men and women - who were interviewed were Caucasian, their educational standard ranged from pre-matric through to university graduate status, and the overall average age of the 9rouP members was 24 years - the youngest subject was aged 17 while the oldest was 31 years of age. Rather than a meas~rement orientated procedure, a phenomenologically inspired methodological procedure was used to explicitate the data. It is argued that a descriptive phenomenological perspective is more appropriate for the elucidation of meaning-structures, especially with reference to the present inquiry, than would be a quantitative, measurement and mathematical treatment of the subject matter with which this thesis is concerned. The results are best summarized by stating that, although the explication revealed that the four groups are distinctly different in certain aspects of the meaning-structures of the individuals' becoming and being members of a group, there are nonetheless marked similarities between the groups in other aspects of the explicitated data.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Some aspects of an ethological study of the aculeate wasps and the bees of a karroid area in the vicinity of Grahamstown, South Africa
- Authors: Gess, Friedrich Wolfgang
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Wasps -- South Africa Bees -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5834 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009445
- Description: From introduction: The present study is the first attempt in southern Africa to consider an entire community of aculeate wasps and bees and their interactions with their environment as manifested by their ethology. As far as the author has been able to ascertain it is in fact the most comprehensive of its kind to have been undertaken anywhere, the only similar but more restricted account of this nature being that of Evans (1970) which is mainly concerned with fossorial species and their associates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Gess, Friedrich Wolfgang
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Wasps -- South Africa Bees -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5834 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009445
- Description: From introduction: The present study is the first attempt in southern Africa to consider an entire community of aculeate wasps and bees and their interactions with their environment as manifested by their ethology. As far as the author has been able to ascertain it is in fact the most comprehensive of its kind to have been undertaken anywhere, the only similar but more restricted account of this nature being that of Evans (1970) which is mainly concerned with fossorial species and their associates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
Bacteriophage growth on stationary phase achromabacter strains
- Authors: Robb, Susan Mary
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Bacteriophages , Strains and stresses
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4125 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014131
- Description: Achromobacter w.t. and strain 14 both support phage α3a growth in stationary phase, but unlike the w.t. strain, exponential phase cultures of strain 14 block phage development. A standard method was developed for determining phage growth in stationary phase cultures. Lyophilised cells were used to eliminate variations due to the unstable phenotype of Achromobacter strain 14 cells. Phage α3a growth in stationary phase was characterized by a long and variable latent period of 6 to 9 h and an increased burst size of 709 p.f.u. per cell as compared with 153 p.f.u. per cell in exponential wild type cells. During the latent period the infected cells were very sensitive to changes in growth conditions and in particular, dilution. Pre-conditioning of the bacterial cells by allowing them to stand for 24 h after shaking for 3 days was an important aspect of the stationary phase phage growth system. Cells which had been allowed to stand retained the ability to be infected and to support phage growth for at least 16 days. Shaking cultures gradually lost the ability to support phage growth but the phage could persist in the host cell for 10 days until removal from shaking when the lytic cycle could proceed after allowing the cultures to stand. In comparison the latent period and burst size in Achromobacter w.t. stationary phase cells were reduced to less than 2 h and less than 200 respectively. Stationary phase cultures differed physiologically and morphologically depending on the aeration conditions. In comparison with non-aerated standing cultures, vigorously aerated cultures showed a decrease in viability, RNA synthesis, membrane transport, intracellular ATP levels, UV resistance and heat resistance but had markedly higher protein synthesis levels. Aerated cells were small non-motile rods which did not support phage growth. They developed into large motile rods under conditions of limited aeration and were able to propagate phage. It was proposed that changes in the host control mechanisms for macromolecular synthesis may be instrumental in either blocking or permitting phage development. A spontaneous mutant of Achromobacter strain 14 (14x) which liberated phage and was resistant to superinfection was isolated. The phage-host relationship was unstable and similar to the phage carrier state. The liberated phage were able to grow in exponential strain 14 cells. It was proposed that strain 14 was a defective lysogen and that an immunity phase shift model may account for the differential phage growth in exponential and stationary phase cells. Host transcriptional control appears to be implicated in control of phage development in exponential and stationary phase cells. Achromobacter Lp only supported phage in exponential phase but a rifampicin resistant mutant of this strain was able to propagate phage in stationary phase. In vitro RNA synthesis assays showed that the rifampicin resistance was caused by an alteration in the RNA polymerase. Preliminary experiments to determine intracellular phage macromolecular synthesis were carried out using exponential Achromobacter w.t. cells which had been irradiated with UV prior to infection. In irradiated cells, infection with phage resulted in stimulation of DNA synthesis but no stimulation of protein synthesis. Phage production was drastically reduced in cells which had been treated with very low UV doses. It was proposed that α3a development may rely heavily on host cell functions which are destroyed by UV. Achromobacter mutants with defective leucine transport systems were isolated. Mutants which lost the leucine uptake system completely were totally resistant to phage infection and were unable to adsorb phage α3a. This is the first report to implicate an amino-acid transport system in phage adsorption.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Robb, Susan Mary
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Bacteriophages , Strains and stresses
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4125 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014131
- Description: Achromobacter w.t. and strain 14 both support phage α3a growth in stationary phase, but unlike the w.t. strain, exponential phase cultures of strain 14 block phage development. A standard method was developed for determining phage growth in stationary phase cultures. Lyophilised cells were used to eliminate variations due to the unstable phenotype of Achromobacter strain 14 cells. Phage α3a growth in stationary phase was characterized by a long and variable latent period of 6 to 9 h and an increased burst size of 709 p.f.u. per cell as compared with 153 p.f.u. per cell in exponential wild type cells. During the latent period the infected cells were very sensitive to changes in growth conditions and in particular, dilution. Pre-conditioning of the bacterial cells by allowing them to stand for 24 h after shaking for 3 days was an important aspect of the stationary phase phage growth system. Cells which had been allowed to stand retained the ability to be infected and to support phage growth for at least 16 days. Shaking cultures gradually lost the ability to support phage growth but the phage could persist in the host cell for 10 days until removal from shaking when the lytic cycle could proceed after allowing the cultures to stand. In comparison the latent period and burst size in Achromobacter w.t. stationary phase cells were reduced to less than 2 h and less than 200 respectively. Stationary phase cultures differed physiologically and morphologically depending on the aeration conditions. In comparison with non-aerated standing cultures, vigorously aerated cultures showed a decrease in viability, RNA synthesis, membrane transport, intracellular ATP levels, UV resistance and heat resistance but had markedly higher protein synthesis levels. Aerated cells were small non-motile rods which did not support phage growth. They developed into large motile rods under conditions of limited aeration and were able to propagate phage. It was proposed that changes in the host control mechanisms for macromolecular synthesis may be instrumental in either blocking or permitting phage development. A spontaneous mutant of Achromobacter strain 14 (14x) which liberated phage and was resistant to superinfection was isolated. The phage-host relationship was unstable and similar to the phage carrier state. The liberated phage were able to grow in exponential strain 14 cells. It was proposed that strain 14 was a defective lysogen and that an immunity phase shift model may account for the differential phage growth in exponential and stationary phase cells. Host transcriptional control appears to be implicated in control of phage development in exponential and stationary phase cells. Achromobacter Lp only supported phage in exponential phase but a rifampicin resistant mutant of this strain was able to propagate phage in stationary phase. In vitro RNA synthesis assays showed that the rifampicin resistance was caused by an alteration in the RNA polymerase. Preliminary experiments to determine intracellular phage macromolecular synthesis were carried out using exponential Achromobacter w.t. cells which had been irradiated with UV prior to infection. In irradiated cells, infection with phage resulted in stimulation of DNA synthesis but no stimulation of protein synthesis. Phage production was drastically reduced in cells which had been treated with very low UV doses. It was proposed that α3a development may rely heavily on host cell functions which are destroyed by UV. Achromobacter mutants with defective leucine transport systems were isolated. Mutants which lost the leucine uptake system completely were totally resistant to phage infection and were unable to adsorb phage α3a. This is the first report to implicate an amino-acid transport system in phage adsorption.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1980