Interaction between the root-feeding beetle, Longitarsus bethae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Nematoda: Heteroderidae): Implications for the biological control of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in South Africa
- Authors: Musedeli, Jufter
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Insect-plant relationships , Insects -- Host plants , Flea beetles , Symbiosis , Longitarsus , Chrysomelidae , Lantana camara -- Biological control -- South Africa , Heteroderidae , Root-knot nematodes , Weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71130 , vital:29788
- Description: Plants often are simultaneously attacked by several herbivores that can affect each other’s performance, and their interaction may affect their host plant fitness. The current study was conducted to determine the interaction between the root-feeding beetle, Longitarsus bethae Savini & Escalona (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), with implications for the biological control of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. The studies were conducted under quarantine conditions at the Agricultural Research Council-PHP, Roodeplaat, Pretoria, South Africa. Specifically, the study determined; (i) whether root damage by the flea beetle enhanced infection by M. javanica, (ii) whether L. camara roots infected with the nematode enhanced the performance of the beetle, (iii) whether single or combined effect of the two organisms (i.e. L. bethae and M. javanica) had an overall effect on the growth and biomass of their shared host, L. camara, and (iv) the susceptibility of 10 L. camara varieties that are commonly found in South Africa to M. javanica. The study found that galling on the roots of L. camara by the nematode occurs at the highest inoculation of 300 eggs of L. bethae per plant, and no galling occurred at inoculation of 200 eggs per plant and below. The findings also showed that L. bethae performed better on M. javanica-infected than on healthy L. camara roots, and that more L. bethae adult progeny with slightly bigger body size emerged from M. javanica-infected, than from healthy plants. Fresh weight (galls) of plant roots from treatments where both species (i.e., L. bethae and M. javanica) were combined was significantly higher than that from plants infected with the nematode only, suggesting that the combination of both species induces more galling than the nematode does alone. The above-ground dry biomass was significantly lower both in combined and M. javanica only treatments, than in L. bethae only treatment. The study also found that selected L. camara varieties were infected with M. javanica, albeit at varying degrees of infection. Among the 10 L. camara varieties, Orange Red OR 015 was the most susceptible. Other susceptible varieties included Light Pink 009 LP, Total Pink 021 TP and Dark Pink 018 DP, and these, together with variety Orange Red OR 015, constituted 40% of the L. camara varieties evaluated in the current study. Fifty percent of the varieties displayed slight to moderate susceptibility to M. javanica, while 10% displayed lack of susceptibility. The study concluded that the symbiotic relationship between L. bethae and M. javanica was mutual, resulting in increase in the fitness of the beetle. The combined herbivory by L. bethae and M. javanica was also found to be additive on one of the most common varieties of L. camara in South Africa, and therefore co-infestation by both species might enhance the biological control of this weed in South Africa. The study further concluded that the suitability of some invasive L. camara cultivars such as Light Pink 009 LP and Orange Red 015 OR for M. javanica, might also contribute towards biological control of this weed in South Africa, particularly in areas where the two herbivores species co-exist.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Musedeli, Jufter
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Insect-plant relationships , Insects -- Host plants , Flea beetles , Symbiosis , Longitarsus , Chrysomelidae , Lantana camara -- Biological control -- South Africa , Heteroderidae , Root-knot nematodes , Weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71130 , vital:29788
- Description: Plants often are simultaneously attacked by several herbivores that can affect each other’s performance, and their interaction may affect their host plant fitness. The current study was conducted to determine the interaction between the root-feeding beetle, Longitarsus bethae Savini & Escalona (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and a root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), with implications for the biological control of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. The studies were conducted under quarantine conditions at the Agricultural Research Council-PHP, Roodeplaat, Pretoria, South Africa. Specifically, the study determined; (i) whether root damage by the flea beetle enhanced infection by M. javanica, (ii) whether L. camara roots infected with the nematode enhanced the performance of the beetle, (iii) whether single or combined effect of the two organisms (i.e. L. bethae and M. javanica) had an overall effect on the growth and biomass of their shared host, L. camara, and (iv) the susceptibility of 10 L. camara varieties that are commonly found in South Africa to M. javanica. The study found that galling on the roots of L. camara by the nematode occurs at the highest inoculation of 300 eggs of L. bethae per plant, and no galling occurred at inoculation of 200 eggs per plant and below. The findings also showed that L. bethae performed better on M. javanica-infected than on healthy L. camara roots, and that more L. bethae adult progeny with slightly bigger body size emerged from M. javanica-infected, than from healthy plants. Fresh weight (galls) of plant roots from treatments where both species (i.e., L. bethae and M. javanica) were combined was significantly higher than that from plants infected with the nematode only, suggesting that the combination of both species induces more galling than the nematode does alone. The above-ground dry biomass was significantly lower both in combined and M. javanica only treatments, than in L. bethae only treatment. The study also found that selected L. camara varieties were infected with M. javanica, albeit at varying degrees of infection. Among the 10 L. camara varieties, Orange Red OR 015 was the most susceptible. Other susceptible varieties included Light Pink 009 LP, Total Pink 021 TP and Dark Pink 018 DP, and these, together with variety Orange Red OR 015, constituted 40% of the L. camara varieties evaluated in the current study. Fifty percent of the varieties displayed slight to moderate susceptibility to M. javanica, while 10% displayed lack of susceptibility. The study concluded that the symbiotic relationship between L. bethae and M. javanica was mutual, resulting in increase in the fitness of the beetle. The combined herbivory by L. bethae and M. javanica was also found to be additive on one of the most common varieties of L. camara in South Africa, and therefore co-infestation by both species might enhance the biological control of this weed in South Africa. The study further concluded that the suitability of some invasive L. camara cultivars such as Light Pink 009 LP and Orange Red 015 OR for M. javanica, might also contribute towards biological control of this weed in South Africa, particularly in areas where the two herbivores species co-exist.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The phytophagous insect community on the Veld Fig, Ficus Burtt-Davyi Hutch
- Authors: Ross, Sally Jane
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Phytophagous insects -- South Africa , Phytophagous insects , Insect-plant relationships
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5739 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005425 , Phytophagous insects -- South Africa , Phytophagous insects , Insect-plant relationships
- Description: The quest for patterns in community organisation is a daunting task which may be made easier by concentrating on communities associated with a restricted range of resources and therefore of relative simplicity. Here, the phytophagous insect community on the African fig tree Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch. was studied in an attempt to gain some insight into the factors which influence the composition of insect herbivore communities at a very local level, on individual plants of one host species at a single location. The tree's phenological patterns were detennined, due to their relevance to herbivores, particularly those which are host-specific feeders. The trees exhibited inter-tree asynchrony and intra-tree synchrony in fruit crop initiation, whereas leaf production was synchronous both within and between trees. Sixteen frequently occurring phytophagous insect species fed on the 123 F. burtt-davyi trees in the study area over a period of one year. Factors with the potential to influence the composition of this community were investigated at levels of the whole community (species richness), the guild, and the individual species. At each 'level' the effects of the measured factors on fluctuations in community composition were investigated, both over time (i.e. temporally) and spatially from tree to tree. During the year the phytophage community was influenced largely by temperature, although rainfall and tree phenological changes did exert varying influences on the abundances of guilds and individual species. Tree to tree variation in species richness (and thus commensurately, in the frequencies of occurrence of guilds and individual species) was influenced primarily by tree architectural complexity. Architecturally more complex trees hosted a greater number of species, a relationship largely attributable to effects of passive sampling and within-tree microhabitat heterogeneity and/or the availability of living space. The distributions of the leaf and stem piercing species were strongly associated with the presence of ants and this relationship manifested itself within the community as a whole. The degree of isolation of trees had consequences for individual species and for overall species richness, with the numbers of species present decreasing as trees became more isolated. A detailed analysis of guild distributional patterns revealed that the most important influential factors were those also evident at the level of the whole community and that species within guilds were, on the whole, no more similar to one another with respect to their habitat preferences than species from different guilds. The grouping of species into functional units therefore threw no additional light on the way in which this community is organised. An analysis of possible interspecific interactions between all of the phytophagous species in the community revealed only positive associations, both between species within guilds and between those in different guilds. These were doubtless attributable to autocorrelation as a result of similar habitat preferences. Competition was therefore rejected as an organising force within the community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Ross, Sally Jane
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Phytophagous insects -- South Africa , Phytophagous insects , Insect-plant relationships
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5739 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005425 , Phytophagous insects -- South Africa , Phytophagous insects , Insect-plant relationships
- Description: The quest for patterns in community organisation is a daunting task which may be made easier by concentrating on communities associated with a restricted range of resources and therefore of relative simplicity. Here, the phytophagous insect community on the African fig tree Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch. was studied in an attempt to gain some insight into the factors which influence the composition of insect herbivore communities at a very local level, on individual plants of one host species at a single location. The tree's phenological patterns were detennined, due to their relevance to herbivores, particularly those which are host-specific feeders. The trees exhibited inter-tree asynchrony and intra-tree synchrony in fruit crop initiation, whereas leaf production was synchronous both within and between trees. Sixteen frequently occurring phytophagous insect species fed on the 123 F. burtt-davyi trees in the study area over a period of one year. Factors with the potential to influence the composition of this community were investigated at levels of the whole community (species richness), the guild, and the individual species. At each 'level' the effects of the measured factors on fluctuations in community composition were investigated, both over time (i.e. temporally) and spatially from tree to tree. During the year the phytophage community was influenced largely by temperature, although rainfall and tree phenological changes did exert varying influences on the abundances of guilds and individual species. Tree to tree variation in species richness (and thus commensurately, in the frequencies of occurrence of guilds and individual species) was influenced primarily by tree architectural complexity. Architecturally more complex trees hosted a greater number of species, a relationship largely attributable to effects of passive sampling and within-tree microhabitat heterogeneity and/or the availability of living space. The distributions of the leaf and stem piercing species were strongly associated with the presence of ants and this relationship manifested itself within the community as a whole. The degree of isolation of trees had consequences for individual species and for overall species richness, with the numbers of species present decreasing as trees became more isolated. A detailed analysis of guild distributional patterns revealed that the most important influential factors were those also evident at the level of the whole community and that species within guilds were, on the whole, no more similar to one another with respect to their habitat preferences than species from different guilds. The grouping of species into functional units therefore threw no additional light on the way in which this community is organised. An analysis of possible interspecific interactions between all of the phytophagous species in the community revealed only positive associations, both between species within guilds and between those in different guilds. These were doubtless attributable to autocorrelation as a result of similar habitat preferences. Competition was therefore rejected as an organising force within the community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The host-searching behaviour of coccophagus atratus compere (Aphalinidae: hymenoptera)
- Authors: Clark, Maxwell Maitland
- Date: 1985
- Subjects: Coccophagus , Hymenoptera , Insects -- Host plants , Insect-plant relationships
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5630 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004923 , Coccophagus , Hymenoptera , Insects -- Host plants , Insect-plant relationships
- Description: The host-searching behaviour of the parasitoid Coccophagus atratus Compere was investigated. C. atratus parasitoids have unusual host relationships. Female offspring develop in scale insects but male offspring develop hyperparasitically on their conspecific females, or on other parasitoid species. C. atratus females, therefore, must locate, identify and oviposit into two different types of hosts. A primary aim of this thesis, was to identify when and how the behaviour of a female, searching for hosts suitable for female offspring, differed from that of a female searching for hosts suitable for male offspring. This was done by investigating and comparing the behaviour of virgin and mated females. Virgin females can lay only male eggs while mated females can lay both male and female eggs. The role of plant odours and host odours in attracting C. atratus females to the host habitat and to their scale insect hosts was examined with the aid of an olfactometer. Field observations, to test the validity of results obtained in laboratory experiments, indicated that C. atratus females do not search initially for for their hosts' food plants, but search directly for hosts. Only when hosts were physically located did the behaviour of virgin and mated females differ. Recognition cues used by the females to distinguish between the two types of hosts were identified. Finally, the implications of results obtained were discussed in relation to ecological and evolutionary aspects of heteronomous parasitoid biology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1985
- Authors: Clark, Maxwell Maitland
- Date: 1985
- Subjects: Coccophagus , Hymenoptera , Insects -- Host plants , Insect-plant relationships
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5630 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004923 , Coccophagus , Hymenoptera , Insects -- Host plants , Insect-plant relationships
- Description: The host-searching behaviour of the parasitoid Coccophagus atratus Compere was investigated. C. atratus parasitoids have unusual host relationships. Female offspring develop in scale insects but male offspring develop hyperparasitically on their conspecific females, or on other parasitoid species. C. atratus females, therefore, must locate, identify and oviposit into two different types of hosts. A primary aim of this thesis, was to identify when and how the behaviour of a female, searching for hosts suitable for female offspring, differed from that of a female searching for hosts suitable for male offspring. This was done by investigating and comparing the behaviour of virgin and mated females. Virgin females can lay only male eggs while mated females can lay both male and female eggs. The role of plant odours and host odours in attracting C. atratus females to the host habitat and to their scale insect hosts was examined with the aid of an olfactometer. Field observations, to test the validity of results obtained in laboratory experiments, indicated that C. atratus females do not search initially for for their hosts' food plants, but search directly for hosts. Only when hosts were physically located did the behaviour of virgin and mated females differ. Recognition cues used by the females to distinguish between the two types of hosts were identified. Finally, the implications of results obtained were discussed in relation to ecological and evolutionary aspects of heteronomous parasitoid biology.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1985
An investigation of plant-derived cardiac glycosides as a possible basis for aposematism in the aphidophagous hoverfly Ischiodon aegryptius (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae)
- Authors: Malcolm, Stephen Baillie
- Date: 1977
- Subjects: Diptera , Syrphidae , Aphidophagous insects , Predatory animals , Insect-plant relationships , Insect pests -- Biological control , Insects as carriers of disease
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5864 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012798 , Diptera , Syrphidae , Aphidophagous insects , Predatory animals , Insect-plant relationships , Insect pests -- Biological control , Insects as carriers of disease
- Description: The chemical defences of insects against predators are either passive or aggressive. Passive defence is achieved through crypsis, and aggressive defence is maintained by a conspicuous or 'aposematic' (Poulton, 1890) appearance that advertises some noxious quality of the insect harmful to a predator. Aposematism is mutually beneficial to both the bearer and its predator, whereas crypsis only benefits the prey species. It is therefore not surprising that the fascinating array of chemical defences in insects is both diverse and widespread (Roth and Eisner, 1962). Intro. p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1977
- Authors: Malcolm, Stephen Baillie
- Date: 1977
- Subjects: Diptera , Syrphidae , Aphidophagous insects , Predatory animals , Insect-plant relationships , Insect pests -- Biological control , Insects as carriers of disease
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5864 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012798 , Diptera , Syrphidae , Aphidophagous insects , Predatory animals , Insect-plant relationships , Insect pests -- Biological control , Insects as carriers of disease
- Description: The chemical defences of insects against predators are either passive or aggressive. Passive defence is achieved through crypsis, and aggressive defence is maintained by a conspicuous or 'aposematic' (Poulton, 1890) appearance that advertises some noxious quality of the insect harmful to a predator. Aposematism is mutually beneficial to both the bearer and its predator, whereas crypsis only benefits the prey species. It is therefore not surprising that the fascinating array of chemical defences in insects is both diverse and widespread (Roth and Eisner, 1962). Intro. p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1977
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