Three perspectives on ukuthwasa: the view from traditional beliefs, western psychiatry and transpersonal psychology
- Authors: Booi, Beauty Ntombizanele
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Healers -- South Africa , Divination -- South Africa , Schizophrenia -- Social aspects , Xhosa (African people) -- Psychology , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2936 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002445 , Healers -- South Africa , Divination -- South Africa , Schizophrenia -- Social aspects , Xhosa (African people) -- Psychology , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Description: Among the Xhosas, the healing sickness called intwaso is interptreted as a call by the ancestors to become a healer. Transpersonalists also see these initiatory illnesses as spiritual crises, while according to the widely accepted Western psychiatric view, illness is purely perceived in physical and psychological terms. A case study was conducted where a single participant who has undergone the process of ukuthwasa and is functioning as a traditional healer was interviewed. A series of interviews were done where information was gathered about significant experiences related to ukuthwasa process. Tapes were transcribed and a case narrative was written and interpreted using the traditional Xhosa beliefs, the western psychiatric and the transpersonal psychology perspectives. Strengths and weaknesses of each perspective were then examined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Booi, Beauty Ntombizanele
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Healers -- South Africa , Divination -- South Africa , Schizophrenia -- Social aspects , Xhosa (African people) -- Psychology , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2936 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002445 , Healers -- South Africa , Divination -- South Africa , Schizophrenia -- Social aspects , Xhosa (African people) -- Psychology , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Description: Among the Xhosas, the healing sickness called intwaso is interptreted as a call by the ancestors to become a healer. Transpersonalists also see these initiatory illnesses as spiritual crises, while according to the widely accepted Western psychiatric view, illness is purely perceived in physical and psychological terms. A case study was conducted where a single participant who has undergone the process of ukuthwasa and is functioning as a traditional healer was interviewed. A series of interviews were done where information was gathered about significant experiences related to ukuthwasa process. Tapes were transcribed and a case narrative was written and interpreted using the traditional Xhosa beliefs, the western psychiatric and the transpersonal psychology perspectives. Strengths and weaknesses of each perspective were then examined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Dignitaries at the dedication by Bishop Sobukwe of the new church
- Cornwell, Paul Ingle, 1915-1991
- Authors: Cornwell, Paul Ingle, 1915-1991
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12186 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1012609 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Description: (L to R) Bishop Ernest Sobukwe, Fr Sidwell Mhlauli, Fr Hannington Gcanga, Fr Benjamin Gqabu, Mr Bright Titus, Fr Alfred Beresford, Mr Jordaan (Magistrate, Engcobo). Dignitaries at the dedication by Bishop Sobukwe of the new church
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
- Authors: Cornwell, Paul Ingle, 1915-1991
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12186 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1012609 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Description: (L to R) Bishop Ernest Sobukwe, Fr Sidwell Mhlauli, Fr Hannington Gcanga, Fr Benjamin Gqabu, Mr Bright Titus, Fr Alfred Beresford, Mr Jordaan (Magistrate, Engcobo). Dignitaries at the dedication by Bishop Sobukwe of the new church
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
Responses to Western education among the conservative people of Transkei
- Authors: Deliwe, Dumisani
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Attitudes , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Black people -- Education -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Education -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2099 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002662 , Xhosa (African people) -- Attitudes , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Black people -- Education -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Education -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Description: This thesis is concerned with the impact of Western education on the social life of the members of a Transkeian village. Various authors in the locally relevant literature, have for a long time commented that, due to Western education and Christianity, African societies became divided into 'school'people, who readily accepted Western education and culture, and 'red' people, who initially resisted these. Whilst the terms 'red' and 'school' became used as analytical constructs for the differing responses to Western culture, they were also used by African people. My findings at Qhude, Transkei, confirmed such a social division. I argue that this social division does not present an absolute distinction, but may best be conceived in terms of a continuum. Whilst the thesis considers interaction between the 'school' and the 'red' people of Qhude in various fields of life such as politics, law, religion (see Chapter Two) and education (see Chapter Six), the main emphasis is on the 'red' people. Thus, the thesis concerns itself, to a large degree, with an analysis of the 'red' people's experience and interpretation of Western education and Western educated people. The main argument is that the 'red' people's perception of Western education and Western educated people is ambiguous. That is, they see them in both positive and negative terms (see Chapter Five). This ambiguity is looked at here as a manifestation of the difficulties encountered by the 'red' people in adjusting to an institution (i.e Western education)that was initially foreign, and to which they were initially opposed. The perception of Western education as positive follows from the fact that it is seen as leading to economic empowerement by the 'red' people of Qhude, who are facing poverty, due to an economic decline (see Chapter Three). However, the economic contribution of the young (who are the ones receiving western education) and the knowledge they gather from school, threaten the authority of elders, as the young become increasingly independent from the elders. As a result of such independence, and other factors, Western education is seen in negative terms by the 'red' people. Such potential dangers of Western education are well recognised by the 'reds' of Qhude, and are dealt with culturally. That is, it is made clear to the young, in particular during occasions such as circumcision rituals, that education has to be made relevant to the building of the homestead, which is under the overlordship of parents whom the young are called upon to respect (see Chapter Six). In conclusion, it is argued that the use of culture in this way, shows how 'tradition' is employed to deal with crisis. Such use of culture necessitates a clarification of the opinion that uneducated Africans rejected Western education (see Chapter Seven).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
- Authors: Deliwe, Dumisani
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Attitudes , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Black people -- Education -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Education -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2099 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002662 , Xhosa (African people) -- Attitudes , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Black people -- Education -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Education -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Description: This thesis is concerned with the impact of Western education on the social life of the members of a Transkeian village. Various authors in the locally relevant literature, have for a long time commented that, due to Western education and Christianity, African societies became divided into 'school'people, who readily accepted Western education and culture, and 'red' people, who initially resisted these. Whilst the terms 'red' and 'school' became used as analytical constructs for the differing responses to Western culture, they were also used by African people. My findings at Qhude, Transkei, confirmed such a social division. I argue that this social division does not present an absolute distinction, but may best be conceived in terms of a continuum. Whilst the thesis considers interaction between the 'school' and the 'red' people of Qhude in various fields of life such as politics, law, religion (see Chapter Two) and education (see Chapter Six), the main emphasis is on the 'red' people. Thus, the thesis concerns itself, to a large degree, with an analysis of the 'red' people's experience and interpretation of Western education and Western educated people. The main argument is that the 'red' people's perception of Western education and Western educated people is ambiguous. That is, they see them in both positive and negative terms (see Chapter Five). This ambiguity is looked at here as a manifestation of the difficulties encountered by the 'red' people in adjusting to an institution (i.e Western education)that was initially foreign, and to which they were initially opposed. The perception of Western education as positive follows from the fact that it is seen as leading to economic empowerement by the 'red' people of Qhude, who are facing poverty, due to an economic decline (see Chapter Three). However, the economic contribution of the young (who are the ones receiving western education) and the knowledge they gather from school, threaten the authority of elders, as the young become increasingly independent from the elders. As a result of such independence, and other factors, Western education is seen in negative terms by the 'red' people. Such potential dangers of Western education are well recognised by the 'reds' of Qhude, and are dealt with culturally. That is, it is made clear to the young, in particular during occasions such as circumcision rituals, that education has to be made relevant to the building of the homestead, which is under the overlordship of parents whom the young are called upon to respect (see Chapter Six). In conclusion, it is argued that the use of culture in this way, shows how 'tradition' is employed to deal with crisis. Such use of culture necessitates a clarification of the opinion that uneducated Africans rejected Western education (see Chapter Seven).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
Uphononongo nzulu lwamasiko nezithethe kwiincwadi ezichongiweyo zesiXhosa: "Ityala lamawele no "Ukuba ndandazile"
- Authors: Diko, Mlamli
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) , Mqhayi, S E K -- Ityala lamawele , Tamsanqa, Witness K -- Ukuba ndandazile , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Authors, South African -- 19th century -- Criticism and interpretation , Xhosa (African people) -- Rites and ceremonies , Mqhayi, S E K -- Critisicism and interpretation , Tamsanqa, Witness, K -- Criticism and interpretation , Xhosa literature -- Criticism and interpretation , Xhosa fiction -- History and criticism
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145232 , vital:38420
- Description: Olu phando lujolise ekubhentsiseni nasekuphononongeni nzulu indima yamasiko nezithethe kwiincwadi ezichongiweyo zesiXhosa ezizezi, “Ityala Lamawele” (1914) ibhalwe nguSamuel Edward Krune Mqhayi kunye no “Ukuba Ndandazile” (1967) ibhalwe nguWitness Kholekile Tamsanqa. Amasiko nezithethe aya kuthi aphononongwe ngala: ukulobola, ingqithi nesithembu. Kwakhona, la masiko nezi zithethe ziya kuthi ziphicothwe kugudlwa kwizinto zesiNtu ezinobuzaza eziqhushekwe zaze zancathama phantsi kwawo. Umzekelo, phantsi kwesiko lokulobola kukho izithethe ezithiwe qhushe phantsi kwalo ezifana nokuhota, ukuyalwa komtshakazi nezinye. Zonke ezi zinto ziya kuthi zivelelwe. La masiko nezi zithethe zichongwe kuba kukholeleka into ethi zitshatshele ngokwendima eziyidlalayo kwezi ncwadi zimbini. Ukubalasela kwawo la masiko nezithethe akwaneli ekubeni indima yawo ityhilwe kwezi ncwadi kuphela, koko indima yawo ithi ityhile banzi ngentlalo kaXhosa. Lilonke, aba babhali babini ababhali ngezinto ezingaziwayo okanye ezibuntsomirha, koko babhala ngemiba echaphazela amaXhosa ngqo. Umphandi uya kuthi aqhaqhe iindlela la masiko nezithethe aqhutywa ngazo, iinjongo zokwenziwa kwawo kwakunye neziphumo xa ethe la masiko enziwa okanye angenziwa ngokusesikweni. Konke oku kuya kuthi kwenziwe egameni lobuXhosa bemveli. Umphandi uya kukwenza oku ngeenjongo zokuphicotha nzulu intsingiselo ngokwamasiko nezithethe zamaXhosa ezama ukutyhila obona bunyani bufihlakeleyo bamasiko nezithethe kunye nokuzalana kwawo nentlalo yamaXhosa. Ngaphezulu, kukutyhila into ethi kwaXhosa amasiko nezithethe ziintsika zokuphila, ngako oko ananto ithile ayithethayo kuthi thina maXhosa ungaphiki nje kuba ezakwaLizwi zidungadungile ngendlela yazo kumzi kaPhalo ze zasahlukanisa nezinto zoobawo bethu. Kunamhlanje nje azinqabanga iintetho ezithi ukunqula iminyanya nezinyanya bubuhedeni, ukuxhela ibhokhwe kuyongxengxezwa bubudimoni. Kule ngxoxo, kuya kujongwa isakhono nobuchule bababhali abathe babusebenzisa njengesixhobo sokukhusela inkcubeko yamaXhosa eyathi yabhunyulwa ngamaNgesi yasala nje ibhityile, yiyo ke ngoku le esele igululwa okwamathumbu ngurhulumente wenkululeko. Lilonke, kwa kolu phando kunconywa ababhali abaziingcungela ekubeni basebenzise ulwazi lwabo lolwimi ekukhuseleni inkcubeko yamaXhosa athi xa ahlomla ngayo uMkonto (2005: v) athi: The study of the survival of cultural traditional customs in isiXhosa literature is an overdue task facing literary critics. Le ngcali ingentla apha ihlaba ikhwelo kubaphandi besiXhosa ukuba banyathelele phezulu bephanda bebhentsisa ubunyani bamasiko nezithethe kuncwadi lwesiXhosa. Olu phando, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izizathu, lusabela elo khwelo. Kwelinye icala, uthi uSaule (1996) xa ethetha ngoMqhayi, nangona uMqhayi lo wayenobuhlobo nabefundisi bezakwaLizwi nokhanyo kodwa akazange ayivumele ingqondo nentliziyo yakhe ithwetyulwe ziinkolo neenkcubeko zasemzini. Ukutsho ngokwakhe oku uSaule (1996: 20) xa ahambisa enjenje: Although Mqhayi was obviously a brain child of the missionaries, he did not, unlike many writers at that time, allow their influence to engulf his thoughts. He uses a Bible as a technique rather than as an instrument that guides him towards predestined objectives. Le ngcinga kaSaule ingentla igxininisiwe kwilixa elingaphambili nguDikeni (1992: 12) xa wayesithi: It is clear that Mqhayi as one of the early writers could not address the political situation of the South Africa directly in his novel. He had to use an extended metaphor to avoid the strict laws of censorship. This he did by using a Biblical story and adapting it to his culture. Ngokwezi ngcali zimbini, kuyaqapheleka ukuba nangona uMqhayi lo ifuthe laseNtshona lazama kangangoko linako ukumthwebula kodwa ukuhlakanipha kwakhe kwamenza wagwencela okwesikhwenene kwiingcambu zakhe, kwisizwe sakhe, kumasiko nezithethe zakwaXhosa. Kungani ke ukuba singangamphakamiseli phezulu lo mbhali ngokuthi simane sindwendwela iimbalo zakhe sihlaba sikhangela ukuba zithetha ukuthini na kuthi sizwe sikaXhosa xa sikule ndawo sikuyo nje? Kwelinye icala, uMkonto (2005) umqhwabela izandla uTamsanqa xa athi nangona wayefundile akazange ayivumele imfundo imntywilisele eludakeni lwaseNtshona hleze buthi obu buncwane bezi ncwadi zakhe zifana no “Buzani Kubawo” (1958), “Ukuba Ndandazile” (1967), “Imitha Yelanga” (1967) kunye nezinye zaziya kufela engqondweni yakhe engakhange afundise umzi kaXhosa ngobuXhosa bawo. UMkonto (2005: 17) uhambisa athi xa ethetha ngoTamsanqa: Most of his experiences which he shared with people at the time were of hardships ... probably these were some of the experiences that triggered the themes expressed in ‘Buzani kubawo’ and ‘Ukuba ndandazile’ Ngokwala mazwi angentla, okona kuncomekayo ngoTamsanqa kukuba uthe nokuba sele ehlangabezana neenzingo zobomi kodwa wabona kukuhle ukuba afundise umzi kaXhosa ngaloo mahla ndinyuka kuba kakade lisiko kwaXhosa into yokuba xa uye wagileka endaweni ethile uze ufundise abanye ukwenzela ukuba bangangeni kulaa mgibe ubuwele kuwo. Bubuntu ke obo. Ubukhulu becala bezinto athe wadlula kuzo uTamsanqa zicazululwe kwisahluko sesibini esidandalazisa ubunzululwazi mlando mbali wobom ngababhali. Okunye, uTamsanqa sesinye sezizukulwana esathi saneTamsanqa lokukhula ngeliya xesha amasiko nezithethe kwaXhosa bezisaqhutywa ngendlela encomekayo kunangoku, kodwa umfundi makaqaphele ukuba umphandi akazami kuthelekisa amaxesha amasiko nezithethe ezaziqhutywa kodwa ubona kubalulekile ukuba icace inkolelo ethi amasiko nezithethe namaxesha awayeqhutywa ngawo awasafani. Kolu phando nzulu okunye okuphambili kukuthi nangona aba babhali babini bathi basebenzisa ulwimi oluntsokothileyo nezagwelo zokubhala ezifihlakeleyo ngendlela enomkhitha kodwa loo nto ibe lulutho kumzi kaPhalo kuba ushiyeke ufumbethe ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Ngaphezu koko amaXhosa ashiyeke efumbethe ulwazi ngamasiko nezithethe ekusafuneka efundisiwe. Ingcambu yolu phando ke ingamasiko nezithethe kusetyenziswa isiThako samaSiko neziThethe esiza kuchazwa banzi kwimihlathi engezantsi. Ngaphandle kokuphonononga nzulu intsingiselo yamasiko nezithethe, olu phando lukwayinkuthazo kwabanye ababhali ukuba bazeke mzekweni benjenjeya ukuzalisa umphanda kaXhosa ngamasiko nezithethe kunye nolwimi olusulungekileyo khona ukuze izizukulwana ngezizukulwana zibe nento yokufunda. Ukongeza, kukukhuthaza abo babhali baneembalo ezintlakekileyo nezibutenxarha ngokwamasiko nezithethe, nolwimi ke, ukuba baziqhelanise nokufunda iincwadi zesiXhosa, bafunde isiXhosa, baphande ngokuzinikela ngemiba yesiXhosa. Njengamntu mtsha, olu phando lukhuthaza olunye ulutsha ngokubaluleka kokulondolozwa kwenkcubeko ukuze isizukulwana esizayo sibe nokufunda kuyo. Uphando olu lujolise ekukhuliseni iimbalo zesiXhosa ingakumbi ke xa sele lubhalwe ngesiXhosa. Likho iqaqobana elibhalileyo ngesiXhosa kodwa ezinye zezo mbalo ziyakhwinisa ngenxa yegrama etenxileyo, umgangatho ophantsi wokusetyenziswa kolwimi ukunonga iintetho, nezinye iziphene. Masibe sisithi ziinzame ekukhucululeni nasekuphuculeni oko kwenziwa ngabeLungu; masingaligxeki kakhulu elo gcuntswana. Enye yezinto ezikhwinisayo kuluncwadi lwesiXhosa kukunqongophala kweencwadi ezibonisa isiNtu sethu ngendlela egqibeleleyo nemsulwa. Iyathuthumba into yokunqongophala kweencwadi ezingembali yethu ebhalwe sithi. Oku kunqongophala kufika kube negalelo elibi kubafundi neetitshala zesiXhosa ezona kufuneka zingcamle ubuncwane benkcubeko yazo kunye nabafundi jikelele. Iincwadi eziya kuthi zisetyenziswe zezo zababhali abaziinjojeli kubhalo lwesiXhosa, uS.E.K. Mqhayi noW.K. Tamsanqa. Isizathu soko asikokuba umphandi uzama ukuthelekisa ababhali koko uya kubachonga, okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba bengababhali abaphume izandla kuncwadi lwesiXhosa. Okwesibini, kunconywa ubuchule babo ekusebenziseni ulwimi nesakhono njengesixhobo sokuphakamisa umgangatho woncwadi lwesiNtu ngokuyeleleneyo namasikonezithethe. Okwesithathu, iimbalo zabo zezinye zeembalo ezithe zaphakanyiswa kakhulungabaphandi de zafumana amawonga ngamawonga. Okwesine, kudederhu lweencwadizesiXhosa ezingaka andinokwazi ukuthi ndilume umthamo omkhulu endizojika ndixakane nawo ndingakwazi ukuwuhlafuna ndiwucokisise hleze ndomiwe emqaleni ndingabisalugqiba kwa olo phando.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Diko, Mlamli
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) , Mqhayi, S E K -- Ityala lamawele , Tamsanqa, Witness K -- Ukuba ndandazile , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Authors, South African -- 19th century -- Criticism and interpretation , Xhosa (African people) -- Rites and ceremonies , Mqhayi, S E K -- Critisicism and interpretation , Tamsanqa, Witness, K -- Criticism and interpretation , Xhosa literature -- Criticism and interpretation , Xhosa fiction -- History and criticism
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145232 , vital:38420
- Description: Olu phando lujolise ekubhentsiseni nasekuphononongeni nzulu indima yamasiko nezithethe kwiincwadi ezichongiweyo zesiXhosa ezizezi, “Ityala Lamawele” (1914) ibhalwe nguSamuel Edward Krune Mqhayi kunye no “Ukuba Ndandazile” (1967) ibhalwe nguWitness Kholekile Tamsanqa. Amasiko nezithethe aya kuthi aphononongwe ngala: ukulobola, ingqithi nesithembu. Kwakhona, la masiko nezi zithethe ziya kuthi ziphicothwe kugudlwa kwizinto zesiNtu ezinobuzaza eziqhushekwe zaze zancathama phantsi kwawo. Umzekelo, phantsi kwesiko lokulobola kukho izithethe ezithiwe qhushe phantsi kwalo ezifana nokuhota, ukuyalwa komtshakazi nezinye. Zonke ezi zinto ziya kuthi zivelelwe. La masiko nezi zithethe zichongwe kuba kukholeleka into ethi zitshatshele ngokwendima eziyidlalayo kwezi ncwadi zimbini. Ukubalasela kwawo la masiko nezithethe akwaneli ekubeni indima yawo ityhilwe kwezi ncwadi kuphela, koko indima yawo ithi ityhile banzi ngentlalo kaXhosa. Lilonke, aba babhali babini ababhali ngezinto ezingaziwayo okanye ezibuntsomirha, koko babhala ngemiba echaphazela amaXhosa ngqo. Umphandi uya kuthi aqhaqhe iindlela la masiko nezithethe aqhutywa ngazo, iinjongo zokwenziwa kwawo kwakunye neziphumo xa ethe la masiko enziwa okanye angenziwa ngokusesikweni. Konke oku kuya kuthi kwenziwe egameni lobuXhosa bemveli. Umphandi uya kukwenza oku ngeenjongo zokuphicotha nzulu intsingiselo ngokwamasiko nezithethe zamaXhosa ezama ukutyhila obona bunyani bufihlakeleyo bamasiko nezithethe kunye nokuzalana kwawo nentlalo yamaXhosa. Ngaphezulu, kukutyhila into ethi kwaXhosa amasiko nezithethe ziintsika zokuphila, ngako oko ananto ithile ayithethayo kuthi thina maXhosa ungaphiki nje kuba ezakwaLizwi zidungadungile ngendlela yazo kumzi kaPhalo ze zasahlukanisa nezinto zoobawo bethu. Kunamhlanje nje azinqabanga iintetho ezithi ukunqula iminyanya nezinyanya bubuhedeni, ukuxhela ibhokhwe kuyongxengxezwa bubudimoni. Kule ngxoxo, kuya kujongwa isakhono nobuchule bababhali abathe babusebenzisa njengesixhobo sokukhusela inkcubeko yamaXhosa eyathi yabhunyulwa ngamaNgesi yasala nje ibhityile, yiyo ke ngoku le esele igululwa okwamathumbu ngurhulumente wenkululeko. Lilonke, kwa kolu phando kunconywa ababhali abaziingcungela ekubeni basebenzise ulwazi lwabo lolwimi ekukhuseleni inkcubeko yamaXhosa athi xa ahlomla ngayo uMkonto (2005: v) athi: The study of the survival of cultural traditional customs in isiXhosa literature is an overdue task facing literary critics. Le ngcali ingentla apha ihlaba ikhwelo kubaphandi besiXhosa ukuba banyathelele phezulu bephanda bebhentsisa ubunyani bamasiko nezithethe kuncwadi lwesiXhosa. Olu phando, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izizathu, lusabela elo khwelo. Kwelinye icala, uthi uSaule (1996) xa ethetha ngoMqhayi, nangona uMqhayi lo wayenobuhlobo nabefundisi bezakwaLizwi nokhanyo kodwa akazange ayivumele ingqondo nentliziyo yakhe ithwetyulwe ziinkolo neenkcubeko zasemzini. Ukutsho ngokwakhe oku uSaule (1996: 20) xa ahambisa enjenje: Although Mqhayi was obviously a brain child of the missionaries, he did not, unlike many writers at that time, allow their influence to engulf his thoughts. He uses a Bible as a technique rather than as an instrument that guides him towards predestined objectives. Le ngcinga kaSaule ingentla igxininisiwe kwilixa elingaphambili nguDikeni (1992: 12) xa wayesithi: It is clear that Mqhayi as one of the early writers could not address the political situation of the South Africa directly in his novel. He had to use an extended metaphor to avoid the strict laws of censorship. This he did by using a Biblical story and adapting it to his culture. Ngokwezi ngcali zimbini, kuyaqapheleka ukuba nangona uMqhayi lo ifuthe laseNtshona lazama kangangoko linako ukumthwebula kodwa ukuhlakanipha kwakhe kwamenza wagwencela okwesikhwenene kwiingcambu zakhe, kwisizwe sakhe, kumasiko nezithethe zakwaXhosa. Kungani ke ukuba singangamphakamiseli phezulu lo mbhali ngokuthi simane sindwendwela iimbalo zakhe sihlaba sikhangela ukuba zithetha ukuthini na kuthi sizwe sikaXhosa xa sikule ndawo sikuyo nje? Kwelinye icala, uMkonto (2005) umqhwabela izandla uTamsanqa xa athi nangona wayefundile akazange ayivumele imfundo imntywilisele eludakeni lwaseNtshona hleze buthi obu buncwane bezi ncwadi zakhe zifana no “Buzani Kubawo” (1958), “Ukuba Ndandazile” (1967), “Imitha Yelanga” (1967) kunye nezinye zaziya kufela engqondweni yakhe engakhange afundise umzi kaXhosa ngobuXhosa bawo. UMkonto (2005: 17) uhambisa athi xa ethetha ngoTamsanqa: Most of his experiences which he shared with people at the time were of hardships ... probably these were some of the experiences that triggered the themes expressed in ‘Buzani kubawo’ and ‘Ukuba ndandazile’ Ngokwala mazwi angentla, okona kuncomekayo ngoTamsanqa kukuba uthe nokuba sele ehlangabezana neenzingo zobomi kodwa wabona kukuhle ukuba afundise umzi kaXhosa ngaloo mahla ndinyuka kuba kakade lisiko kwaXhosa into yokuba xa uye wagileka endaweni ethile uze ufundise abanye ukwenzela ukuba bangangeni kulaa mgibe ubuwele kuwo. Bubuntu ke obo. Ubukhulu becala bezinto athe wadlula kuzo uTamsanqa zicazululwe kwisahluko sesibini esidandalazisa ubunzululwazi mlando mbali wobom ngababhali. Okunye, uTamsanqa sesinye sezizukulwana esathi saneTamsanqa lokukhula ngeliya xesha amasiko nezithethe kwaXhosa bezisaqhutywa ngendlela encomekayo kunangoku, kodwa umfundi makaqaphele ukuba umphandi akazami kuthelekisa amaxesha amasiko nezithethe ezaziqhutywa kodwa ubona kubalulekile ukuba icace inkolelo ethi amasiko nezithethe namaxesha awayeqhutywa ngawo awasafani. Kolu phando nzulu okunye okuphambili kukuthi nangona aba babhali babini bathi basebenzisa ulwimi oluntsokothileyo nezagwelo zokubhala ezifihlakeleyo ngendlela enomkhitha kodwa loo nto ibe lulutho kumzi kaPhalo kuba ushiyeke ufumbethe ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Ngaphezu koko amaXhosa ashiyeke efumbethe ulwazi ngamasiko nezithethe ekusafuneka efundisiwe. Ingcambu yolu phando ke ingamasiko nezithethe kusetyenziswa isiThako samaSiko neziThethe esiza kuchazwa banzi kwimihlathi engezantsi. Ngaphandle kokuphonononga nzulu intsingiselo yamasiko nezithethe, olu phando lukwayinkuthazo kwabanye ababhali ukuba bazeke mzekweni benjenjeya ukuzalisa umphanda kaXhosa ngamasiko nezithethe kunye nolwimi olusulungekileyo khona ukuze izizukulwana ngezizukulwana zibe nento yokufunda. Ukongeza, kukukhuthaza abo babhali baneembalo ezintlakekileyo nezibutenxarha ngokwamasiko nezithethe, nolwimi ke, ukuba baziqhelanise nokufunda iincwadi zesiXhosa, bafunde isiXhosa, baphande ngokuzinikela ngemiba yesiXhosa. Njengamntu mtsha, olu phando lukhuthaza olunye ulutsha ngokubaluleka kokulondolozwa kwenkcubeko ukuze isizukulwana esizayo sibe nokufunda kuyo. Uphando olu lujolise ekukhuliseni iimbalo zesiXhosa ingakumbi ke xa sele lubhalwe ngesiXhosa. Likho iqaqobana elibhalileyo ngesiXhosa kodwa ezinye zezo mbalo ziyakhwinisa ngenxa yegrama etenxileyo, umgangatho ophantsi wokusetyenziswa kolwimi ukunonga iintetho, nezinye iziphene. Masibe sisithi ziinzame ekukhucululeni nasekuphuculeni oko kwenziwa ngabeLungu; masingaligxeki kakhulu elo gcuntswana. Enye yezinto ezikhwinisayo kuluncwadi lwesiXhosa kukunqongophala kweencwadi ezibonisa isiNtu sethu ngendlela egqibeleleyo nemsulwa. Iyathuthumba into yokunqongophala kweencwadi ezingembali yethu ebhalwe sithi. Oku kunqongophala kufika kube negalelo elibi kubafundi neetitshala zesiXhosa ezona kufuneka zingcamle ubuncwane benkcubeko yazo kunye nabafundi jikelele. Iincwadi eziya kuthi zisetyenziswe zezo zababhali abaziinjojeli kubhalo lwesiXhosa, uS.E.K. Mqhayi noW.K. Tamsanqa. Isizathu soko asikokuba umphandi uzama ukuthelekisa ababhali koko uya kubachonga, okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba bengababhali abaphume izandla kuncwadi lwesiXhosa. Okwesibini, kunconywa ubuchule babo ekusebenziseni ulwimi nesakhono njengesixhobo sokuphakamisa umgangatho woncwadi lwesiNtu ngokuyeleleneyo namasikonezithethe. Okwesithathu, iimbalo zabo zezinye zeembalo ezithe zaphakanyiswa kakhulungabaphandi de zafumana amawonga ngamawonga. Okwesine, kudederhu lweencwadizesiXhosa ezingaka andinokwazi ukuthi ndilume umthamo omkhulu endizojika ndixakane nawo ndingakwazi ukuwuhlafuna ndiwucokisise hleze ndomiwe emqaleni ndingabisalugqiba kwa olo phando.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Amakrwala experiences as learners in a Buffalo City secondary school: implications for school leadership and management
- Authors: Duka-Ntshweni, Nomonde
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rites and ceremonies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Identity (Psychology) , Leadership
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16191 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006252 , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rites and ceremonies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Identity (Psychology) , Leadership
- Description: ‘Ulwaluko’ (the male initiation custom) has been practised for generations by many cultures in South Africa and in Africa as a whole. AmaXhosa are amongst the population groups in South Africa within whom this custom has survived pre colonially and through the colonial and apartheid eras up to the current democracy. While this custom was reserved for older, mature and senior boys in the past, there is evidence that nowadays immature and junior boys as young as 12 years are taken to the initiation school. This study sought to understand how these newly graduated initiated men (amakrwala) cope with their multifaceted identities, as learners in a secondary school and as adults in the community. The study also seeks to explore a leadership style that can be sensitive to the needs of ‘amakrwala’ at school. This is a qualitative study which used interpretivism as the research paradigm. Phenomenology is the research design and phenomenological interviews were used as the data gathering tools. The findings reveal that there are tensions that exist between modernity and tradition in socialising amakrwala. The school represents the modern space and the home and community are the traditional spaces. In the formal school environment there is minimal or no recognition of the new identity of the ‘amakrwala’. At school ‘amakrwala’ are seen as learners. Their identity and status remain unchanged from what they were before they went to the initiation school. However, in the community and at home, they are elevated from a childhood to an adult status and their identities are thus re-shaped.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Duka-Ntshweni, Nomonde
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rites and ceremonies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Identity (Psychology) , Leadership
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16191 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006252 , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Initiation rites -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rites and ceremonies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Identity (Psychology) , Leadership
- Description: ‘Ulwaluko’ (the male initiation custom) has been practised for generations by many cultures in South Africa and in Africa as a whole. AmaXhosa are amongst the population groups in South Africa within whom this custom has survived pre colonially and through the colonial and apartheid eras up to the current democracy. While this custom was reserved for older, mature and senior boys in the past, there is evidence that nowadays immature and junior boys as young as 12 years are taken to the initiation school. This study sought to understand how these newly graduated initiated men (amakrwala) cope with their multifaceted identities, as learners in a secondary school and as adults in the community. The study also seeks to explore a leadership style that can be sensitive to the needs of ‘amakrwala’ at school. This is a qualitative study which used interpretivism as the research paradigm. Phenomenology is the research design and phenomenological interviews were used as the data gathering tools. The findings reveal that there are tensions that exist between modernity and tradition in socialising amakrwala. The school represents the modern space and the home and community are the traditional spaces. In the formal school environment there is minimal or no recognition of the new identity of the ‘amakrwala’. At school ‘amakrwala’ are seen as learners. Their identity and status remain unchanged from what they were before they went to the initiation school. However, in the community and at home, they are elevated from a childhood to an adult status and their identities are thus re-shaped.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The structure of an irrigation scheme
- Authors: Holbrook, Gregory Martin
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Tyefu Irrigation Scheme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Irrigation -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Xhosa (African people) -- Economic conditions , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2101 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002664 , Tyefu Irrigation Scheme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Irrigation -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Xhosa (African people) -- Economic conditions , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Description: Faced with problems related to the sustainability and advisability of contemporary irrigation development in Africa, anthropologists have increasingly looked to economic and political explanations for the success or failure of those development schemes. Instead of seeking explanations in these isolated areas, this thesis has argued that irrigation development needs to be understood through relationships within and between politics, economics, social structure and culture. In order to uncover those interactions with regard to the Tyefu Irrigation Scheme in the southern African homeland of Ciskei, reference has been made, firstly, to the mechanisms underlying contemporary state expansion and secondly, to the interaction between external forces, structures and surface forms through time. Anthropological fieldwork techniques have been used to provide detailed descriptions of everyday communications within and between groups associated with the development. Ethnography allows implementation to be conceptualized in terms of the interaction between local level structures and structures associated with the planning and construction of irrigation development itself. When the effect of external forces on the interaction between structures and forms is then taken into account principles emerge that reflect local and historical transformations. These in turn suggest the form of contemporary state expansion in southern Africa, as well as its bearing on daily life on the rural periphery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
- Authors: Holbrook, Gregory Martin
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Tyefu Irrigation Scheme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Irrigation -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Xhosa (African people) -- Economic conditions , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2101 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002664 , Tyefu Irrigation Scheme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Irrigation -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Xhosa (African people) -- Economic conditions , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs
- Description: Faced with problems related to the sustainability and advisability of contemporary irrigation development in Africa, anthropologists have increasingly looked to economic and political explanations for the success or failure of those development schemes. Instead of seeking explanations in these isolated areas, this thesis has argued that irrigation development needs to be understood through relationships within and between politics, economics, social structure and culture. In order to uncover those interactions with regard to the Tyefu Irrigation Scheme in the southern African homeland of Ciskei, reference has been made, firstly, to the mechanisms underlying contemporary state expansion and secondly, to the interaction between external forces, structures and surface forms through time. Anthropological fieldwork techniques have been used to provide detailed descriptions of everyday communications within and between groups associated with the development. Ethnography allows implementation to be conceptualized in terms of the interaction between local level structures and structures associated with the planning and construction of irrigation development itself. When the effect of external forces on the interaction between structures and forms is then taken into account principles emerge that reflect local and historical transformations. These in turn suggest the form of contemporary state expansion in southern Africa, as well as its bearing on daily life on the rural periphery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
Portrait of a man (1) : Esidadeni, All Saints, 1956
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12007 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000784 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12007 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000784 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
Bringing home the harvest (uvuno), 1956
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12146 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000923 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12146 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000923 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
Inspection of bride and attendants : Ngqokotho, 1975
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1975
- Subjects: Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12010 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000787 , Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1975
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1975
- Subjects: Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12010 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000787 , Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1975
Span of oxen in Qebe valley, 1959
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:12035 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000812 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1959
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:12035 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000812 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1959
Butterworth, 1980
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12139 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000916 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1980
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1980
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12139 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000916 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1980
Visitor at the dance of the abakhwetha (2): Bokleni, 1959
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Inititiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Circumcision -- South Africa , Medicine, Rural -- South Africa -- Transkei , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:11988 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000765 , Inititiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Circumcision -- South Africa , Medicine, Rural -- South Africa -- Transkei , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1959
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Inititiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Circumcision -- South Africa , Medicine, Rural -- South Africa -- Transkei , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:11988 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000765 , Inititiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Circumcision -- South Africa , Medicine, Rural -- South Africa -- Transkei , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1959
Service of the Ordination of Deacons : Qungqu, 1957
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1957
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:12031 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000808 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1957
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1957
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Identifier: vital:12031 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000808 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1957
Women weave bindings : 1954
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1954
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12037 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000814 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1954
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1954
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12037 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000814 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1954
Three gentlemen of Engcobo : Engcobo, 1956
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:11998 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000775 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1956
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:11998 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000775 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1956
Zulu dancing troupe performing at All Saints: All Saints, 1973
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1973
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Zulu (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12140 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000917 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Zulu (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1973
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1973
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Zulu (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12140 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000917 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Zulu (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1973
Teenage boys with axes : Ngqokotho, 1975
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1975
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12009 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000786 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1975
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1975
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12009 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000786 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1975
Beadworkers at All Saints Home Industries : All Saints, 1970
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1970
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12082 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000859 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1970
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1970
- Subjects: Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12082 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000859 , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1970
Portrait of married Bhaca women : 1949
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1949
- Subjects: Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12023 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000800 , Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1949
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1949
- Subjects: Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12023 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000800 , Marriage customs and rites -- South Africa -- Transkei , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1949
Female initiate secluded : Mbekeni, 1970
- Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1970
- Subjects: Initiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12002 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000779 , Initiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1970
- Authors: Ingle, Pauline Cornwell, 1915-1999
- Date: 1970
- Subjects: Initiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Still image
- Identifier: vital:12002 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1000779 , Initiation rites -- South Africa , Xhosa (African people) -- Social life and customs , Photography -- South Africa
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1970