The medical profession and the universalisation of South African Health Care: analysing the response of Eastern Cape general practitioners to the National Health Insurance proposals
- Authors: Hannah, Bridget
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Health insurance -- South Africa , Health insurance -- Government policy -- South Africa , Medical care, Cost of -- South Africa , National health insurance -- South Africa , Medical policy -- South Africa , Physicians -- South Africa -- Attitudes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6075 , vital:21029
- Description: In 2011, the Green Paper on National Health Insurance (NHI) in South Africa was released, committing the South African government to a 14-year plan to radically transform the currently inequitable health system towards providing comprehensive quality health care free at point of access to all citizens. The pursuit of universal health coverage (UHC) in South Africa forms part of a global aspiration to achieve more equitable healthcare delivery. One of the critical issues emerging from the Green Paper was how the NHI would be staffed. The NHI is unlikely to be adequately staffed without GPs but evidence suggests that private sector doctors have always been resistant to nationalisation or socialisation as a threat to their occupational power and professional status. The core work of this thesis is a study undertaken of 78 doctors in the Eastern Cape, focusing on private sector general practitioners (GPs), as the largest constituency of medical professionals in the country. The interview schedule was designed to gauge doctors' responses to the NHI, encourage discussion on their reactions to the reforms, and its implications in their view for private medical practice. The responses of the doctors are analysed through application of two theoretical themes, namely: (i) actor-centred policy creation, discussed through application of Walt and Gilson's (1994) shared focus on content, context, process and actors in the policy process, and (ii) the debate on medical professionalism, espoused by Freidson (1973, 1994) and argued against by Haug and Sussman (1969), and McKinlay (1972, 1993). Thus, if the process of policy making must take into account key actors in order to deliver a successful policy transition, what are the implications if these actors are actively excluded, or do not willingly cooperate? Does this indicate anything telling about the private sector's role to play in the pursuit of universal healthcare?
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Hannah, Bridget
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Health insurance -- South Africa , Health insurance -- Government policy -- South Africa , Medical care, Cost of -- South Africa , National health insurance -- South Africa , Medical policy -- South Africa , Physicians -- South Africa -- Attitudes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6075 , vital:21029
- Description: In 2011, the Green Paper on National Health Insurance (NHI) in South Africa was released, committing the South African government to a 14-year plan to radically transform the currently inequitable health system towards providing comprehensive quality health care free at point of access to all citizens. The pursuit of universal health coverage (UHC) in South Africa forms part of a global aspiration to achieve more equitable healthcare delivery. One of the critical issues emerging from the Green Paper was how the NHI would be staffed. The NHI is unlikely to be adequately staffed without GPs but evidence suggests that private sector doctors have always been resistant to nationalisation or socialisation as a threat to their occupational power and professional status. The core work of this thesis is a study undertaken of 78 doctors in the Eastern Cape, focusing on private sector general practitioners (GPs), as the largest constituency of medical professionals in the country. The interview schedule was designed to gauge doctors' responses to the NHI, encourage discussion on their reactions to the reforms, and its implications in their view for private medical practice. The responses of the doctors are analysed through application of two theoretical themes, namely: (i) actor-centred policy creation, discussed through application of Walt and Gilson's (1994) shared focus on content, context, process and actors in the policy process, and (ii) the debate on medical professionalism, espoused by Freidson (1973, 1994) and argued against by Haug and Sussman (1969), and McKinlay (1972, 1993). Thus, if the process of policy making must take into account key actors in order to deliver a successful policy transition, what are the implications if these actors are actively excluded, or do not willingly cooperate? Does this indicate anything telling about the private sector's role to play in the pursuit of universal healthcare?
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Chemical composition of leaf essential oils of Lantana camara varieties in South Africa and their effect on the behavioural preference of Falconia intermedia
- Authors: Ngxande-Koza, Samella W
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4877 , vital:20739
- Description: Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is one the most problematic invaders in South Africa invading forest edges, sand dunes, and shorelines by forming impenetrable thickets. Lantana camara invasions degrade natural biodiversity, reduce the value of land and consequently it has been a target for biological control, over the last 50 years in South Africa. Studies that have reported on chemical profile of Lantana camara have been conducted around the world but not in South Africa. Hence, the first aim of the current study was to identify the chemical baseline of L. camara varieties in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Recent studies have shown that feeding by one of the agents released against L. camara, Falconia intermedia (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae), induces anti-herbivory response through increased leaf toughness and trichome density. A preliminary study conducted also reported the production of volatile chemicals by one variety, Whitney Farm, due to feeding by the mirids. Therefore, the second aim was to determine the induced changes in chemical compounds of L. camara varieties after feeding by F. intermedia. A third aim was to determine the effect these chemical compounds have on the behaviour of F. intermedia. To identify the chemical baseline of L. camara varieties, the essential oils of four L. camara varieties (East London, Port Alfred, Whitney Farm and Heather Glen) were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and that resulted to the identification of 163 constitutive and 75 induced chemicals across the varieties tested. Lantana camara varieties showed different chemical classes but were highly dominated by terpenes. A great variation in the number of constitutive chemical compounds was found in all the varieties. There were 56 constitutive chemical compounds in the Whitney Farm variety, 41 in the East London variety, 36 in the Heather Glen variety and 30 in the Port Alfred variety. The Whitney Farm variety had the highest number (22) of unique constitutive chemicals identified when compared with other varieties. This indicates the chemical distinctiveness of the Whitney Farm variety from the other varieties. In the varieties tested, there were common chemical compounds identified in constitutive and induced (discussed below) states of the plants such as caryophyllene, hexane, naphthalene, copaene and a-caryophyllene. Besides naphthalene, the majority of chemical compounds in South African L. camara varieties were similar to compounds that have been identified across the world, suggesting that they are closely related. The expression of naphthalene in these varieties may be due to changes in the chemicals expressed over evolutionary time as predicted by the Novel Weapons Hypothesis. Amongst the varieties, a great variation in chemical compounds and their concentrations was shown in the induced states of the plants. The concentration of constitutive caryophyllene ranged from (3.13 - 15.7) %, to (4.02 - 11.10) % after feeding. The concentration of constitutive hexane ranged from (6.13 - 71.19) %, to (33.3 - 75.8) % after feeding. The concentration of constitutive naphthalene ranged from (0.21 - 4.79) %, to (0.92 - 2.11) % after feeding. The concentration of constitutive copaene ranged from (0.57 - 1.57) %, to (1.20 - 2.72) %. Lastly, the concentration of constitutive a-caryophyllene ranged from (1.18 - 9.03) %, to (0.78 - 5.48) % after feeding. The changes in chemical concentrations in lantana varieties indicated that feeding by the mirid on L. camara varieties causes an induction by either reducing or increasing the chemical concentrations. To determine the effect of the identified compounds on the behaviour of F. intermedia adults, olfactometer bioassays were conducted using a Y-tube technique. A significantly higher proportion of F. intermedia were attracted to undamaged leaves over damaged leaves and purified air. Undamaged leaves attracted 52 % of F. intermedia from the East London variety, 62.5 % from the Port Alfred variety, 56 % from the Whitney Farm variety, 58 % from the Lyndhurst variety and 54.5 % from the Heather Glen variety in dual choice trials versus damaged leaves. Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of F. intermedia were attracted to damaged leaves over purified air. Damaged leaves attracted 67 % of F. intermedia from the East London variety, 67 % from the Port Alfred variety, 65.9 % from the Whitney Farm variety, 65.3 % from the Heather Glen variety and 64.5 % from the Lyndhurst variety. Olfactometer bioassays were also conducted using purified standard compounds of four chemical compounds identified from essential oils, hexane was used as a positive control as it is reported to be an insect attractant in literature. Hexane was highly attractive to the mirids compared to three standard compounds caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and naphthalene at the rate of 80 %, 73 % and 80 %, respectively. The standard compounds tested against F. intermedia are major compounds contained by L. camara varieties and they have proven to have a repellent effect. This may indicate that after feeding by F. intermedia, the major compounds expressed by the plant varieties repel F. intermedia contributing to the invasiveness of this weed. The increased expression of hexane and caryophyllene after feeding may also indicate increased attraction to some insects, opening up the potential for third trophic level interactions in varieties where this is the case. This is the first study on the chemical composition of essential oils of L. camara in South Africa. Therefore, we recommend that where appropriate chemical profile studies of the invasive alien plants should be considered during host specificity testing, and the vital role of chemical compounds on agent-weed interactions must be taken into consideration with other factors before and after the biological control agents are released.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ngxande-Koza, Samella W
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4877 , vital:20739
- Description: Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is one the most problematic invaders in South Africa invading forest edges, sand dunes, and shorelines by forming impenetrable thickets. Lantana camara invasions degrade natural biodiversity, reduce the value of land and consequently it has been a target for biological control, over the last 50 years in South Africa. Studies that have reported on chemical profile of Lantana camara have been conducted around the world but not in South Africa. Hence, the first aim of the current study was to identify the chemical baseline of L. camara varieties in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Recent studies have shown that feeding by one of the agents released against L. camara, Falconia intermedia (Distant) (Hemiptera: Miridae), induces anti-herbivory response through increased leaf toughness and trichome density. A preliminary study conducted also reported the production of volatile chemicals by one variety, Whitney Farm, due to feeding by the mirids. Therefore, the second aim was to determine the induced changes in chemical compounds of L. camara varieties after feeding by F. intermedia. A third aim was to determine the effect these chemical compounds have on the behaviour of F. intermedia. To identify the chemical baseline of L. camara varieties, the essential oils of four L. camara varieties (East London, Port Alfred, Whitney Farm and Heather Glen) were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and that resulted to the identification of 163 constitutive and 75 induced chemicals across the varieties tested. Lantana camara varieties showed different chemical classes but were highly dominated by terpenes. A great variation in the number of constitutive chemical compounds was found in all the varieties. There were 56 constitutive chemical compounds in the Whitney Farm variety, 41 in the East London variety, 36 in the Heather Glen variety and 30 in the Port Alfred variety. The Whitney Farm variety had the highest number (22) of unique constitutive chemicals identified when compared with other varieties. This indicates the chemical distinctiveness of the Whitney Farm variety from the other varieties. In the varieties tested, there were common chemical compounds identified in constitutive and induced (discussed below) states of the plants such as caryophyllene, hexane, naphthalene, copaene and a-caryophyllene. Besides naphthalene, the majority of chemical compounds in South African L. camara varieties were similar to compounds that have been identified across the world, suggesting that they are closely related. The expression of naphthalene in these varieties may be due to changes in the chemicals expressed over evolutionary time as predicted by the Novel Weapons Hypothesis. Amongst the varieties, a great variation in chemical compounds and their concentrations was shown in the induced states of the plants. The concentration of constitutive caryophyllene ranged from (3.13 - 15.7) %, to (4.02 - 11.10) % after feeding. The concentration of constitutive hexane ranged from (6.13 - 71.19) %, to (33.3 - 75.8) % after feeding. The concentration of constitutive naphthalene ranged from (0.21 - 4.79) %, to (0.92 - 2.11) % after feeding. The concentration of constitutive copaene ranged from (0.57 - 1.57) %, to (1.20 - 2.72) %. Lastly, the concentration of constitutive a-caryophyllene ranged from (1.18 - 9.03) %, to (0.78 - 5.48) % after feeding. The changes in chemical concentrations in lantana varieties indicated that feeding by the mirid on L. camara varieties causes an induction by either reducing or increasing the chemical concentrations. To determine the effect of the identified compounds on the behaviour of F. intermedia adults, olfactometer bioassays were conducted using a Y-tube technique. A significantly higher proportion of F. intermedia were attracted to undamaged leaves over damaged leaves and purified air. Undamaged leaves attracted 52 % of F. intermedia from the East London variety, 62.5 % from the Port Alfred variety, 56 % from the Whitney Farm variety, 58 % from the Lyndhurst variety and 54.5 % from the Heather Glen variety in dual choice trials versus damaged leaves. Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of F. intermedia were attracted to damaged leaves over purified air. Damaged leaves attracted 67 % of F. intermedia from the East London variety, 67 % from the Port Alfred variety, 65.9 % from the Whitney Farm variety, 65.3 % from the Heather Glen variety and 64.5 % from the Lyndhurst variety. Olfactometer bioassays were also conducted using purified standard compounds of four chemical compounds identified from essential oils, hexane was used as a positive control as it is reported to be an insect attractant in literature. Hexane was highly attractive to the mirids compared to three standard compounds caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and naphthalene at the rate of 80 %, 73 % and 80 %, respectively. The standard compounds tested against F. intermedia are major compounds contained by L. camara varieties and they have proven to have a repellent effect. This may indicate that after feeding by F. intermedia, the major compounds expressed by the plant varieties repel F. intermedia contributing to the invasiveness of this weed. The increased expression of hexane and caryophyllene after feeding may also indicate increased attraction to some insects, opening up the potential for third trophic level interactions in varieties where this is the case. This is the first study on the chemical composition of essential oils of L. camara in South Africa. Therefore, we recommend that where appropriate chemical profile studies of the invasive alien plants should be considered during host specificity testing, and the vital role of chemical compounds on agent-weed interactions must be taken into consideration with other factors before and after the biological control agents are released.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Beyond War, Violence, and Suffering: Everyday Life in the Honde Valley Borderland Communities during Zimbabwe’s Liberation War and the RENAMO Insurgency, c.1960-2016
- Authors: Nyachega, Nicholas
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7023 , vital:21210
- Description: This thesis examines the history of the Honde Valley area, in Mutasa District, along the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. It uses two historic developments: the Zimbabwe liberation war and RENAMO insurgency to explore daily life and mundane experiences of the borderland communities, mainly from the late 1970s to 2016. Because earlier historians of these two historic developments have been much interested in studying the aspects of violence and suffering, this study extends the focus of analysis to the mundane experiences. I argue that in borderland areas, there are other wartime aspects of life worth investigating other than violence and suffering. In doing so, the thesis deploys the notions of conviviality and the everyday to understand the daily experiences of the Honde Valley communities during the disruptions caused to everyday life by these wars. Admittedly, twentieth century wars in Zimbabwe and Mozambique transformed the area that had previously remained at the fringes of colonial power from 1890-1950, into a new and bitterly contested ‘sharp end’ of the war. Nonetheless, peoples’ experiences during these wars cannot be understood merely in relation to violence and suffering. Furthermore, I argue that although some families were forcibly moved into liberation war “Protected Villages ”, they innovatively designed new mechanisms and alternative lifestyles in response to the state’s routinised control. The thesis concludes that beyond the confines of war-induced violence and suffering, Honde Valley communities used their borderland location to evade the pressures of war and continued with life.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Nyachega, Nicholas
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7023 , vital:21210
- Description: This thesis examines the history of the Honde Valley area, in Mutasa District, along the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. It uses two historic developments: the Zimbabwe liberation war and RENAMO insurgency to explore daily life and mundane experiences of the borderland communities, mainly from the late 1970s to 2016. Because earlier historians of these two historic developments have been much interested in studying the aspects of violence and suffering, this study extends the focus of analysis to the mundane experiences. I argue that in borderland areas, there are other wartime aspects of life worth investigating other than violence and suffering. In doing so, the thesis deploys the notions of conviviality and the everyday to understand the daily experiences of the Honde Valley communities during the disruptions caused to everyday life by these wars. Admittedly, twentieth century wars in Zimbabwe and Mozambique transformed the area that had previously remained at the fringes of colonial power from 1890-1950, into a new and bitterly contested ‘sharp end’ of the war. Nonetheless, peoples’ experiences during these wars cannot be understood merely in relation to violence and suffering. Furthermore, I argue that although some families were forcibly moved into liberation war “Protected Villages ”, they innovatively designed new mechanisms and alternative lifestyles in response to the state’s routinised control. The thesis concludes that beyond the confines of war-induced violence and suffering, Honde Valley communities used their borderland location to evade the pressures of war and continued with life.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Lizalise Idinga Lakho [Honour Thy Promise]: The Methodist Church Women’s Manyano, the Bifurcated Public Sphere, Divine Strength, Ubufazi and Motherhood in Post-Apartheid South Africa
- Authors: Ngcobozi, Lihle
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/17717 , vital:22271
- Description: This study examines the socio-political role of the Christian church based women’s Manyano organisations in post-apartheid South Africa. Specifically, the study examines the ways in which the women’s Manyano organisations offer black women a site for the performance of citizenship. The study is based on life history interviews conducted with seventeen members of the Methodist Church Women’s Manyano of the Lamontville Circuit in Kwa-Zulu Natal. The study shows that dominant literature on Manyano women is primarily located in the historiography of the formation of Manyano groups within the historical development of the black church from the moment of missionary contact in South Africa. This literature shows that the missionaries used the coming together of black women in the church to promote ideas of devout domesticity that are based on Anglophone Victorian womanhood. This literature also shows that the structural constraints of colonisation and apartheid transformed the black church into a counterpublic space which focused largely on the liberation of the black majority from political, economic, and social exclusion from the colonial and apartheid public sphere. These constraints also transformed the role of women’s Manyano organisations to become an important space from which black women came to resist and defeat apartheid. This study shows that this historical framing of women’s Manyano groups has shaped their role in post-apartheid South Africa. Located in the African feminist theory, the study argues that Manyano women’s publicness is not limited to gendered expressions of the public and private sphere. Instead, Manyano women demonstrate that their publicness in post-apartheid South Africa ought to be understood through a combination of the varied identities that they straddle, such as those of a politically and culturally defined womanhood and communally based motherhood, which express their understanding and performance of citizenship. The thesis, therefore, argues that the contemporary role and functioning of Manyanos is located within both the hegemonic public sphere that is granted by the civil liberties of the new South Africa, and the historical black bifurcated counterpublic -which combined offer black women the ability to devise strategies to confront present-day socioeconomic challenges such as structural poverty that shapes the lives of the majority of black women in post-apartheid South Africa. The study contributes, therefore, to the reconstruction of the concept of the public sphere through the use of Manyano women’s dynamic position in post-apartheid South Africa. It shows that the dualist nature of Manyano women’s position and identity allows for a multifaceted approach in the understanding of citizenship for Manyano women today. Furthermore, and importantly, the study shows that the complex roles that Manyano women navigate within the different spheres complicate the interpretations of womanhood and motherhood as understood in dominant (white western) feminist theory in ways that often lead to the delegitimisation and erasure of Manyano women’s contributions to ideas about post-apartheid feminisms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ngcobozi, Lihle
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/17717 , vital:22271
- Description: This study examines the socio-political role of the Christian church based women’s Manyano organisations in post-apartheid South Africa. Specifically, the study examines the ways in which the women’s Manyano organisations offer black women a site for the performance of citizenship. The study is based on life history interviews conducted with seventeen members of the Methodist Church Women’s Manyano of the Lamontville Circuit in Kwa-Zulu Natal. The study shows that dominant literature on Manyano women is primarily located in the historiography of the formation of Manyano groups within the historical development of the black church from the moment of missionary contact in South Africa. This literature shows that the missionaries used the coming together of black women in the church to promote ideas of devout domesticity that are based on Anglophone Victorian womanhood. This literature also shows that the structural constraints of colonisation and apartheid transformed the black church into a counterpublic space which focused largely on the liberation of the black majority from political, economic, and social exclusion from the colonial and apartheid public sphere. These constraints also transformed the role of women’s Manyano organisations to become an important space from which black women came to resist and defeat apartheid. This study shows that this historical framing of women’s Manyano groups has shaped their role in post-apartheid South Africa. Located in the African feminist theory, the study argues that Manyano women’s publicness is not limited to gendered expressions of the public and private sphere. Instead, Manyano women demonstrate that their publicness in post-apartheid South Africa ought to be understood through a combination of the varied identities that they straddle, such as those of a politically and culturally defined womanhood and communally based motherhood, which express their understanding and performance of citizenship. The thesis, therefore, argues that the contemporary role and functioning of Manyanos is located within both the hegemonic public sphere that is granted by the civil liberties of the new South Africa, and the historical black bifurcated counterpublic -which combined offer black women the ability to devise strategies to confront present-day socioeconomic challenges such as structural poverty that shapes the lives of the majority of black women in post-apartheid South Africa. The study contributes, therefore, to the reconstruction of the concept of the public sphere through the use of Manyano women’s dynamic position in post-apartheid South Africa. It shows that the dualist nature of Manyano women’s position and identity allows for a multifaceted approach in the understanding of citizenship for Manyano women today. Furthermore, and importantly, the study shows that the complex roles that Manyano women navigate within the different spheres complicate the interpretations of womanhood and motherhood as understood in dominant (white western) feminist theory in ways that often lead to the delegitimisation and erasure of Manyano women’s contributions to ideas about post-apartheid feminisms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Ellipsis in the vP domain in Mandarin and Xhosa
- Authors: Ma, Xiujie
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Grammar, Comparative and general -- Ellipsis , Chinese lanaguage -- Ellipsis , Chinese lanaguage -- Grammar, Comparative -- Xhosa , Xhosa lanaguage -- Ellipsis , Xhosa lanaguage -- Grammar, Comparative -- Chinese
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/43105 , vital:25266
- Description: This thesis provides a unified analysis of ellipsis in the vP domain in two typologically different languages, Mandarin and Xhosa from a generative perspective. It starts with the V-stranding Verb Phrase Ellipsis (VPE) assumption and shows that Mandarin and Xhosa do not have V-stranding VPE. The evidence for this is that in both languages, the constituents that remain in vP obligatorily are not allowed to be deleted, whereas the ones that can/must move out of vP can be deleted. The deleted constituents display the characteristics of PF-deletion, i.e. they have an internal syntactic structure. Based on the parallel between movement and ellipsis of the vP-internal constituents, I propose the Ellipsis EPP Hypothesis to account for ellipsis in the vP domain. The Hypothesis predicts that there is an Ellipsis Phrase at the left periphery of vP. The EP bears an Ellipsis-EPP (EEPP) feature, which must be satisfied. Maximal phrases in the c-command domain of EP are all potential candidates for satisfying the EEPP feature by moving to [Spec, EP]. However, only the phrases that are allowed to move out of vP can move to [Spec, EP] as EP is located above vP. Moreover, the movement to [Spec, EP] is subject to the syntactic and semantic restrictions in structure-building in that ellipsis is one operation in the course of structure-building and the derivation will continue after ellipsis takes place. The EEPP feature renders an XP in the specifier phonetically empty and syntactically frozen; therefore, a constituent will be deleted as soon as it moves to [Spec, EP]. The Hypothesis is schematically represented below. The Ellipsis EPP Hypothesis adequately accounts for the ellipsis of various vP-internal constituents - NPs, DPs, infinitive complements and CP complements - in both Mandarin and Xhosa. At the same time, it reveals the reasons why vP is precluded from being elided in these two languages. In Mandarin vP moves to [Spec, AspPi] to check the uninterpretable [asp] feature and in Xhosa vP moves to [Spec, FocP] to realize the focus; consequently, vP may not move to [Spec, EP] for ellipsis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ma, Xiujie
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Grammar, Comparative and general -- Ellipsis , Chinese lanaguage -- Ellipsis , Chinese lanaguage -- Grammar, Comparative -- Xhosa , Xhosa lanaguage -- Ellipsis , Xhosa lanaguage -- Grammar, Comparative -- Chinese
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/43105 , vital:25266
- Description: This thesis provides a unified analysis of ellipsis in the vP domain in two typologically different languages, Mandarin and Xhosa from a generative perspective. It starts with the V-stranding Verb Phrase Ellipsis (VPE) assumption and shows that Mandarin and Xhosa do not have V-stranding VPE. The evidence for this is that in both languages, the constituents that remain in vP obligatorily are not allowed to be deleted, whereas the ones that can/must move out of vP can be deleted. The deleted constituents display the characteristics of PF-deletion, i.e. they have an internal syntactic structure. Based on the parallel between movement and ellipsis of the vP-internal constituents, I propose the Ellipsis EPP Hypothesis to account for ellipsis in the vP domain. The Hypothesis predicts that there is an Ellipsis Phrase at the left periphery of vP. The EP bears an Ellipsis-EPP (EEPP) feature, which must be satisfied. Maximal phrases in the c-command domain of EP are all potential candidates for satisfying the EEPP feature by moving to [Spec, EP]. However, only the phrases that are allowed to move out of vP can move to [Spec, EP] as EP is located above vP. Moreover, the movement to [Spec, EP] is subject to the syntactic and semantic restrictions in structure-building in that ellipsis is one operation in the course of structure-building and the derivation will continue after ellipsis takes place. The EEPP feature renders an XP in the specifier phonetically empty and syntactically frozen; therefore, a constituent will be deleted as soon as it moves to [Spec, EP]. The Hypothesis is schematically represented below. The Ellipsis EPP Hypothesis adequately accounts for the ellipsis of various vP-internal constituents - NPs, DPs, infinitive complements and CP complements - in both Mandarin and Xhosa. At the same time, it reveals the reasons why vP is precluded from being elided in these two languages. In Mandarin vP moves to [Spec, AspPi] to check the uninterpretable [asp] feature and in Xhosa vP moves to [Spec, FocP] to realize the focus; consequently, vP may not move to [Spec, EP] for ellipsis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
An analysis of flood activity over the past century based on the sedimentary deposits in the Mfolozi floodplain
- Authors: Mbao, Chabala
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Floodplain morphology -- South Africa -- Mfolozi River , Floodplains -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal , Sedimentation and deposition -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal , Floods -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal -- Measurement , Hydrology -- Research -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal , Stream measurements -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53711 , vital:26312
- Description: Floods are natural phenomena that are of widespread interest to the scientific community, particularly in the context of understanding the impact of climate change as well as changing land use patterns and the security of infrastructure such as towns and roads. In northern KwaZulu-Natal, large flood events have been a reoccurring feature over the past century. The geographical position and extent of the region means that is affected by both inland and coastal weather phenomena, each with the potential to cause large flood events. While information pertaining to large floods in the region in the form of flow data is readily available, flow data is often incomplete and limited in terms of how far back in time the records extend. The Mfolozi River floodplain itself also houses a record of flood activity in the region in the form of sedimentary deposits, which have the potential to reveal flood activity over a much longer timescale, even when monitoring of flood activity in the region was not present. Establishing a link between the hydrological and sedimentary features of floods may be useful in establishing a record of flood activity extending beyond the limits of historical records. The aim of this project was to construct a record of major flood events on the Mfolozi River floodplain over the last century and determine their source. The first objective involved establishing the history of flood events in the Mfolozi River catchment utilising hydrological data recorded throughout the catchment. Thirty nine different large floods (defined as being over 800 m3.s-1) were recorded on the floodplain over the past century. The data also highlighted differences in the extent of known coastal and inland systems (tropical cyclones and cut-off lows respectively), allowing for inferences to be made about the area of the catchment most likely affected by each event; some flood events were identified as having mostly affected the upper reaches of the catchment, while others mostly affected the lower reaches, closer to the coast. The second objective was to identify the various physical, mineralogical and geochemical features of the sediment deposited on the Mfolozi floodplain. Multiple individual flood deposits were identified in the sedimentary record, with sediment tracing analysis providing insight into the source of the deposits within the catchment; no traces of igneous or metamorphic material could be found within the sediment. The source rocks were identified as mostly quartzite, with minor shale and sandstone deposits as well. This put the source of the sediment in the upper to middle reaches of the catchment. The sedimentary analysis was combined with the hydrological records to establish a chronology of flood events extending back to the 1960's. Unfortunately, this record could not be extended further due to the limited amount of sediment collected as well the limits of readily available analytical techniques; radionuclide dating methods were unsuccessful due to the low amounts of fallout radionuclides present in the sediment. The study has however successfully established a history of flood events in the region, as well as providing a link between the hydrological and sedimentary features of flood events that could potentially be useful for current and future research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mbao, Chabala
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Floodplain morphology -- South Africa -- Mfolozi River , Floodplains -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal , Sedimentation and deposition -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal , Floods -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal -- Measurement , Hydrology -- Research -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal , Stream measurements -- South Africa -- Kwazulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/53711 , vital:26312
- Description: Floods are natural phenomena that are of widespread interest to the scientific community, particularly in the context of understanding the impact of climate change as well as changing land use patterns and the security of infrastructure such as towns and roads. In northern KwaZulu-Natal, large flood events have been a reoccurring feature over the past century. The geographical position and extent of the region means that is affected by both inland and coastal weather phenomena, each with the potential to cause large flood events. While information pertaining to large floods in the region in the form of flow data is readily available, flow data is often incomplete and limited in terms of how far back in time the records extend. The Mfolozi River floodplain itself also houses a record of flood activity in the region in the form of sedimentary deposits, which have the potential to reveal flood activity over a much longer timescale, even when monitoring of flood activity in the region was not present. Establishing a link between the hydrological and sedimentary features of floods may be useful in establishing a record of flood activity extending beyond the limits of historical records. The aim of this project was to construct a record of major flood events on the Mfolozi River floodplain over the last century and determine their source. The first objective involved establishing the history of flood events in the Mfolozi River catchment utilising hydrological data recorded throughout the catchment. Thirty nine different large floods (defined as being over 800 m3.s-1) were recorded on the floodplain over the past century. The data also highlighted differences in the extent of known coastal and inland systems (tropical cyclones and cut-off lows respectively), allowing for inferences to be made about the area of the catchment most likely affected by each event; some flood events were identified as having mostly affected the upper reaches of the catchment, while others mostly affected the lower reaches, closer to the coast. The second objective was to identify the various physical, mineralogical and geochemical features of the sediment deposited on the Mfolozi floodplain. Multiple individual flood deposits were identified in the sedimentary record, with sediment tracing analysis providing insight into the source of the deposits within the catchment; no traces of igneous or metamorphic material could be found within the sediment. The source rocks were identified as mostly quartzite, with minor shale and sandstone deposits as well. This put the source of the sediment in the upper to middle reaches of the catchment. The sedimentary analysis was combined with the hydrological records to establish a chronology of flood events extending back to the 1960's. Unfortunately, this record could not be extended further due to the limited amount of sediment collected as well the limits of readily available analytical techniques; radionuclide dating methods were unsuccessful due to the low amounts of fallout radionuclides present in the sediment. The study has however successfully established a history of flood events in the region, as well as providing a link between the hydrological and sedimentary features of flood events that could potentially be useful for current and future research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
An analysis of the impact of financialization on commodity markets
- Authors: Ndawona, Takudzwa Maitaishe
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7113 , vital:21218
- Description: An unprecedented increase in real commodity prices from 2002-2011 fuelled an intense debate as to the causes of the steep rise in prices and its possible implications for producers and consumers. On the one hand, the prolonged and dramatic rise in almost all commodity prices is attributed to growing demand from emerging market economies, supply shocks such as adverse weather conditions, export bans as well as other macroeconomic factors. Collectively these are known as the fundamental (demand and supply) factors. On the other hand, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests these fundamental factors alone are not sufficient enough to explain recent commodity price developments. It is noted that alongside changes in the fundamental factors, there was a major shift in trading activities on commodity derivative markets related to the increasing presence of financial investors, institutional investors and hedge funds. This had important effects, it is argued, on the microstructure of these markets and on price dynamics in a process termed “fmancialization”. Most of the empirical literature covers the period of rising commodity prices from 20022011. This study seeks to add to the existing literature by examining, in addition, the impact of financialization when commodity prices were falling from 2011-2015. Whereas the literature focuses mainly on the rise of agricultural commodity prices, the focus of this study is on metals, oil and bulk commodities (coal and iron ore). Two techniques are employed, namely the calculation of rolling correlations for futures and spot returns. Granger causality tests are then performed to examine the relationships between futures and spot prices. Rolling return correlations are calculated for i) different exchange- traded commodities and ii) exchange-traded commodities and bulk commodities not traded on exchanges. This is done to establish whether the increased correlations between different commodities found in the literature still hold now that commodity prices across all categories are falling. Granger causality tests are used in order to establish the link between the futures prices and spot prices both during the upswing period (2002-2011) and downswing period (2011-2015). It is found that rapidly growing indexed-based investment in commodity markets (financialization) during the upswing period is concurrent with increasingly correlated returns on the prices of unrelated commodities in both the futures and spot markets. These correlations decline during the period of falling commodity prices (2011-2015). This was a period in which the total amount of commodity assets under management fell sharply. This supports the a priori expectation that if the increased correlations of previously seemingly correlated and unrelated commodities during the upswing had been driven by financialization, the correlation would decline in the downturn. Granger causality results reveal statistically significant evidence of futures prices (returns) driving spot prices (returns) during the financialization period. However, post-financialization there is a shift to more bidirectional relationships. The study therefore concludes that, in addition to changing fundamental and macroeconomic factors, the financialization of commodity markets further drove the excessive and volatile price levels in commodity markets from 2002 to 2011.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ndawona, Takudzwa Maitaishe
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7113 , vital:21218
- Description: An unprecedented increase in real commodity prices from 2002-2011 fuelled an intense debate as to the causes of the steep rise in prices and its possible implications for producers and consumers. On the one hand, the prolonged and dramatic rise in almost all commodity prices is attributed to growing demand from emerging market economies, supply shocks such as adverse weather conditions, export bans as well as other macroeconomic factors. Collectively these are known as the fundamental (demand and supply) factors. On the other hand, there is a growing body of evidence that suggests these fundamental factors alone are not sufficient enough to explain recent commodity price developments. It is noted that alongside changes in the fundamental factors, there was a major shift in trading activities on commodity derivative markets related to the increasing presence of financial investors, institutional investors and hedge funds. This had important effects, it is argued, on the microstructure of these markets and on price dynamics in a process termed “fmancialization”. Most of the empirical literature covers the period of rising commodity prices from 20022011. This study seeks to add to the existing literature by examining, in addition, the impact of financialization when commodity prices were falling from 2011-2015. Whereas the literature focuses mainly on the rise of agricultural commodity prices, the focus of this study is on metals, oil and bulk commodities (coal and iron ore). Two techniques are employed, namely the calculation of rolling correlations for futures and spot returns. Granger causality tests are then performed to examine the relationships between futures and spot prices. Rolling return correlations are calculated for i) different exchange- traded commodities and ii) exchange-traded commodities and bulk commodities not traded on exchanges. This is done to establish whether the increased correlations between different commodities found in the literature still hold now that commodity prices across all categories are falling. Granger causality tests are used in order to establish the link between the futures prices and spot prices both during the upswing period (2002-2011) and downswing period (2011-2015). It is found that rapidly growing indexed-based investment in commodity markets (financialization) during the upswing period is concurrent with increasingly correlated returns on the prices of unrelated commodities in both the futures and spot markets. These correlations decline during the period of falling commodity prices (2011-2015). This was a period in which the total amount of commodity assets under management fell sharply. This supports the a priori expectation that if the increased correlations of previously seemingly correlated and unrelated commodities during the upswing had been driven by financialization, the correlation would decline in the downturn. Granger causality results reveal statistically significant evidence of futures prices (returns) driving spot prices (returns) during the financialization period. However, post-financialization there is a shift to more bidirectional relationships. The study therefore concludes that, in addition to changing fundamental and macroeconomic factors, the financialization of commodity markets further drove the excessive and volatile price levels in commodity markets from 2002 to 2011.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Browsing as a demographic bottleneck in a semi-arid savanna: the effect of size and age on compensatory responses of Vachellia karroo seedlings after simulated herbivory
- Authors: Perumal, Lavinia
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4899 , vital:20741
- Description: Savannas are characterised by a continuous grass layer with scattered trees at varying densities. This vegetation structure is determined by several interacting factors, including fire, herbivory, resource competition and atmospheric CO2 concentration. The preservation of savanna biomes is important and a shift towards a woody biome threatens savanna globally. Bush encroachment which describes the shift towards domination of savannas by C3 woody plants, is especially acute in southern Africa. In semi-arid rangelands, encroachment progresses to dense thickets dominated by thorny and unpalatable bushes and trees. There is evidence that bush encroachment is driven by a reduction in fire and browsing events as well as their interaction. Despite browsing having strong effects on African savannas its isolated role in maintaining tree-grass coexistence has not received as much attention as the role of fire. Therefore the overall aim of this study was to examine the effects of browsing on seedlings of a commonly encroaching species, Vachellia karroo. Browsing was hypothesized to be a demographic release bottleneck for bush encroachment in a semiarid (MAP ~550mm) savanna in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, where fire has been historically rare. In a single study I explored the fate of V. karroo seedlings (less than a year old) following browsing in sub canopy and inter canopy microhabitats. Additionally, I explored how the fate of a seedling changed under high and low tree cover. Firstly, I investigated the type, intensity and frequency of herbivory, from both small and large herbivores, which seedlings were subjected to. Results revealed that browsing was severe and frequent with the majority of seedlings browsed more than twice over a 12 month period. Large browsers such as kudu and impala caused high seedling mortality (46%) while smaller browsers such as invertebrates were more effective at suppressing growth. Microhabitat had little impact on seedling survival, but significantly influenced plant compensatory growth. Reduced seedling growth following browsing was observed in the sub-canopy in comparison to seedling growth in full sunlight in the intercanopy, suggesting V.karroo may be shade intolerant. Secondly, the effect of tree cover on browsed seedlings was determined by quantifying browsing frequency and intensity at high and low tree cover. No differences in browsing intensity and frequency were observed between high and low tree cover. However, high tree cover due to bush encroachment limited seedling above ground growth. The aim of the second study was to investigate how V.karroo survival and growth were influenced by its age and size following simulated browsing. I explored this aim through field and greenhouse experiments. I was particularly interested in testing how plant sensitivity to varying defoliation intensities of repeated browsing varied with plant age (known ages of 6, 12, 16 and 30 weeks). There were large differences in mortality between the different age groups. Furthermore, age interacted with repeated browsing and negatively influenced seedling survival and regrowth. Older seedlings (16 and 30 week old) had greater survival and higher browsing frequencies resulted in greater mortality and reduced growth. The threshold age after which seedlings become more tolerant to herbivory occurs at an age of 28 weeks. Seedlings less than six weeks old experiencing intense (100 % defoliation)browsing had a very low probability (33%) of survival following just a single defoliation. Interestingly, all 16 week old seedlings regrew most of their foliage following a moderate (50%) defoliation with some plants overcompensating for leaf loss. The field study revealed two distinct demographic stages based on age and size (seedlings< 9 mm and saplings >9 mm in stem basal diameter (SBD)). Browsing had a strong negative effect on seedlings, resulting in reduced investment in leaf biomass. These findings suggest plant size and age can be used as robust predictors of a plants vulnerability to browsing. An increase in tree cover requires successful transitions of seedlings to saplings (also known as release). The results of this study suggest that in semi-arid savannas, browsing can impact tree cover through imposing a release bottleneck for tree seedlings and to lesser extent saplings. By limiting tree growth plants are kept in a disturbance trap and will therefore be exposed to not only browsers but fire. These findings also have important implications for tree-grass coexistence dynamics, suggesting that specific size and browsing thresholds should be considered in savanna management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Perumal, Lavinia
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4899 , vital:20741
- Description: Savannas are characterised by a continuous grass layer with scattered trees at varying densities. This vegetation structure is determined by several interacting factors, including fire, herbivory, resource competition and atmospheric CO2 concentration. The preservation of savanna biomes is important and a shift towards a woody biome threatens savanna globally. Bush encroachment which describes the shift towards domination of savannas by C3 woody plants, is especially acute in southern Africa. In semi-arid rangelands, encroachment progresses to dense thickets dominated by thorny and unpalatable bushes and trees. There is evidence that bush encroachment is driven by a reduction in fire and browsing events as well as their interaction. Despite browsing having strong effects on African savannas its isolated role in maintaining tree-grass coexistence has not received as much attention as the role of fire. Therefore the overall aim of this study was to examine the effects of browsing on seedlings of a commonly encroaching species, Vachellia karroo. Browsing was hypothesized to be a demographic release bottleneck for bush encroachment in a semiarid (MAP ~550mm) savanna in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, where fire has been historically rare. In a single study I explored the fate of V. karroo seedlings (less than a year old) following browsing in sub canopy and inter canopy microhabitats. Additionally, I explored how the fate of a seedling changed under high and low tree cover. Firstly, I investigated the type, intensity and frequency of herbivory, from both small and large herbivores, which seedlings were subjected to. Results revealed that browsing was severe and frequent with the majority of seedlings browsed more than twice over a 12 month period. Large browsers such as kudu and impala caused high seedling mortality (46%) while smaller browsers such as invertebrates were more effective at suppressing growth. Microhabitat had little impact on seedling survival, but significantly influenced plant compensatory growth. Reduced seedling growth following browsing was observed in the sub-canopy in comparison to seedling growth in full sunlight in the intercanopy, suggesting V.karroo may be shade intolerant. Secondly, the effect of tree cover on browsed seedlings was determined by quantifying browsing frequency and intensity at high and low tree cover. No differences in browsing intensity and frequency were observed between high and low tree cover. However, high tree cover due to bush encroachment limited seedling above ground growth. The aim of the second study was to investigate how V.karroo survival and growth were influenced by its age and size following simulated browsing. I explored this aim through field and greenhouse experiments. I was particularly interested in testing how plant sensitivity to varying defoliation intensities of repeated browsing varied with plant age (known ages of 6, 12, 16 and 30 weeks). There were large differences in mortality between the different age groups. Furthermore, age interacted with repeated browsing and negatively influenced seedling survival and regrowth. Older seedlings (16 and 30 week old) had greater survival and higher browsing frequencies resulted in greater mortality and reduced growth. The threshold age after which seedlings become more tolerant to herbivory occurs at an age of 28 weeks. Seedlings less than six weeks old experiencing intense (100 % defoliation)browsing had a very low probability (33%) of survival following just a single defoliation. Interestingly, all 16 week old seedlings regrew most of their foliage following a moderate (50%) defoliation with some plants overcompensating for leaf loss. The field study revealed two distinct demographic stages based on age and size (seedlings< 9 mm and saplings >9 mm in stem basal diameter (SBD)). Browsing had a strong negative effect on seedlings, resulting in reduced investment in leaf biomass. These findings suggest plant size and age can be used as robust predictors of a plants vulnerability to browsing. An increase in tree cover requires successful transitions of seedlings to saplings (also known as release). The results of this study suggest that in semi-arid savannas, browsing can impact tree cover through imposing a release bottleneck for tree seedlings and to lesser extent saplings. By limiting tree growth plants are kept in a disturbance trap and will therefore be exposed to not only browsers but fire. These findings also have important implications for tree-grass coexistence dynamics, suggesting that specific size and browsing thresholds should be considered in savanna management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients and essential amino acid requirements of dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus)
- Authors: Adesola, Abidemi Adejoke
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Amino acids in animal nutrition , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/32140 , vital:24014
- Description: Important to the evaluation of potential feed ingredients for inclusion in fish diets should be their digestibility and amino acid requirement so that feeds can be formulated on a digestible basis rather than a gross nutrient basis. This thesis established techniques for faecal collection, the validity of digestibility markers, it determined apparent digestibility coefficients for various novel feed ingredients, and it established the optimal lysine requirement for Argyrosomus japonicus, which was used to estimate each of the essential amino acid requirements by using the ideal protein concept. There were no significant differences in dry matter apparent digestibility coefficients when faeces were collected by stripping (77.0 %), dissection (80.1 %) or settlement (83.5 %). Faecal collection by the settlement method produced the most reliable digestibility data. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy calculated using acid-insoluble ash were higher (84.0 %, 93.2 % and 93.0 %, respectively) than those using chromic oxide (55.7 %, 79.1 % and 78.2 %) and titanium dioxide (58.6 %, 79.7 % and 80.5 %). The magnitude of variation in digestibility coefficients obtained using acid-insoluble ash was always lower than that obtained with the other markers. Therefore, acid-insoluble ash was preferred as a dietary marker. Using the above protocol, protein and amino acid digestibility of some animal and plant protein ingredients were evaluated in a series of experiments. The first trial compared the apparent digestibility coefficients of some animal products included as single protein source in the test diets. Apparent protein digestibility values were 84.5 %, 83.8 %, 85.8 % and 83.1 % for fishmeal-prime, fishmeal-standard, poultry meal and pork meal, respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients for poultry meal were comparable to those of fishmeal, which indicate its potential as a substitute for fishmeal in the diets of A. japonicus. The second trial determined the apparent coefficients of plant and animal protein sources included at 30 % into a practical reference diet (70 %). Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 92.4 % in sunflower meal to 85.5 % in corn gluten meal. Soybean meal is a promising feed ingredient in A. japonicus due to the high apparent digestibility of its protein (92.0 %) and essential amino acid digestibility (mean average 91.4 %). A fundamental assumption in fish feed formulation is that the digestibility of nutrients is additive, i.e., digestibility of a nutrient in one ingredient does not interact with the digestibility of the same nutrient in another ingredient. In the third trial, additivity of feed ingredients was tested using pork meal and poultry meal. The results indicate that the apparent digestibility coefficient of animal protein ingredients could be calculated from compound diets to accurately determine protein and amino acid digestibility in A. japonicus, and possibly other carnivorous fish species. Dietary essential amino acid requirements were determined for juvenile A. japonicus in two trials. A dose-response study was conducted using crystalline lysine to determine the optimal requirement of dietary lysine for A. japonicus. Optimal dietary lysine was estimated at 31.7 g kg-¹ dry diet, corresponding to 73.5 g kg-¹ of dietary protein, based on specific growth rate and broken-line segmented regression analyses. Dietary requirements for other essential amino acids ranged from 22 g kg-¹ (histidine) to 71 g kg-¹ (leucine) crude protein. The results of the present study provided a research tool that could be used to assess and verify the conclusions of earlier dietary work on A. japonicus and in further studies to develop least cost diet formulations for this species. The study also adds to the knowledge of the nutritional requirements of A. japonicus by providing information on the digestibility of plants and animal protein ingredients. It also contributes to future dietary research for this species because this study determines, for the first time, the most suitable methods for investigating the digestibility of raw materials for A. japonicus.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Adesola, Abidemi Adejoke
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Amino acids in animal nutrition , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/32140 , vital:24014
- Description: Important to the evaluation of potential feed ingredients for inclusion in fish diets should be their digestibility and amino acid requirement so that feeds can be formulated on a digestible basis rather than a gross nutrient basis. This thesis established techniques for faecal collection, the validity of digestibility markers, it determined apparent digestibility coefficients for various novel feed ingredients, and it established the optimal lysine requirement for Argyrosomus japonicus, which was used to estimate each of the essential amino acid requirements by using the ideal protein concept. There were no significant differences in dry matter apparent digestibility coefficients when faeces were collected by stripping (77.0 %), dissection (80.1 %) or settlement (83.5 %). Faecal collection by the settlement method produced the most reliable digestibility data. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy calculated using acid-insoluble ash were higher (84.0 %, 93.2 % and 93.0 %, respectively) than those using chromic oxide (55.7 %, 79.1 % and 78.2 %) and titanium dioxide (58.6 %, 79.7 % and 80.5 %). The magnitude of variation in digestibility coefficients obtained using acid-insoluble ash was always lower than that obtained with the other markers. Therefore, acid-insoluble ash was preferred as a dietary marker. Using the above protocol, protein and amino acid digestibility of some animal and plant protein ingredients were evaluated in a series of experiments. The first trial compared the apparent digestibility coefficients of some animal products included as single protein source in the test diets. Apparent protein digestibility values were 84.5 %, 83.8 %, 85.8 % and 83.1 % for fishmeal-prime, fishmeal-standard, poultry meal and pork meal, respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients for poultry meal were comparable to those of fishmeal, which indicate its potential as a substitute for fishmeal in the diets of A. japonicus. The second trial determined the apparent coefficients of plant and animal protein sources included at 30 % into a practical reference diet (70 %). Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 92.4 % in sunflower meal to 85.5 % in corn gluten meal. Soybean meal is a promising feed ingredient in A. japonicus due to the high apparent digestibility of its protein (92.0 %) and essential amino acid digestibility (mean average 91.4 %). A fundamental assumption in fish feed formulation is that the digestibility of nutrients is additive, i.e., digestibility of a nutrient in one ingredient does not interact with the digestibility of the same nutrient in another ingredient. In the third trial, additivity of feed ingredients was tested using pork meal and poultry meal. The results indicate that the apparent digestibility coefficient of animal protein ingredients could be calculated from compound diets to accurately determine protein and amino acid digestibility in A. japonicus, and possibly other carnivorous fish species. Dietary essential amino acid requirements were determined for juvenile A. japonicus in two trials. A dose-response study was conducted using crystalline lysine to determine the optimal requirement of dietary lysine for A. japonicus. Optimal dietary lysine was estimated at 31.7 g kg-¹ dry diet, corresponding to 73.5 g kg-¹ of dietary protein, based on specific growth rate and broken-line segmented regression analyses. Dietary requirements for other essential amino acids ranged from 22 g kg-¹ (histidine) to 71 g kg-¹ (leucine) crude protein. The results of the present study provided a research tool that could be used to assess and verify the conclusions of earlier dietary work on A. japonicus and in further studies to develop least cost diet formulations for this species. The study also adds to the knowledge of the nutritional requirements of A. japonicus by providing information on the digestibility of plants and animal protein ingredients. It also contributes to future dietary research for this species because this study determines, for the first time, the most suitable methods for investigating the digestibility of raw materials for A. japonicus.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
A review of how teachers are using the renewable energy materials in their lessons
- Authors: Lambrechts, Therese
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Renewable energy sources -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Renewable energy sources -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- South Africa , Curriculum evaluation -- South Africa , Environmental education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/13888 , vital:21864
- Description: Climate change and renewable energy have recently become part of the school curriculum in South Africa. Many teachers at the secondary school level thus have to teach topics with which they are not (necessarily) familiar. The Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies at Stellenbosch University has established a schools' programme to provide materials to aid the educators in the teaching of renewable energy topics. A research-based set of Learning Teaching Support Material (LTSM) was developed for high school educators. The learning material includes a DVD, PowerPoint presentations, posters, a teacher's manual, and assignments that can be used in different subjects. This study reports and reviews how teachers are currently using the material. Teacher accounts of materials use and evidence of learning in students work were solicited using an appreciative inquiry review process. The data reflected the value being created through patterns of materials use. A Vygotskian based task sequencing framework of Anne Edwards was used to examine the patterns of use which support learning. The use of the task sequencing as an analytical lens allowed the review to probe how knowledge representation was the primary use by teachers. Here they introduced learners to key concepts and to broaden their knowledge on renewable energy. The activities served to scaffold a clear learning progression but the activities were not strongly enough orientated towards ESD as learner-led processes of enquiry and action. The outcomes of the study will be used to update and better align the materials with a need for teachers to strengthen important ESD outcomes in the current curriculum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Lambrechts, Therese
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Renewable energy sources -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Renewable energy sources -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- South Africa , Curriculum evaluation -- South Africa , Environmental education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/13888 , vital:21864
- Description: Climate change and renewable energy have recently become part of the school curriculum in South Africa. Many teachers at the secondary school level thus have to teach topics with which they are not (necessarily) familiar. The Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies at Stellenbosch University has established a schools' programme to provide materials to aid the educators in the teaching of renewable energy topics. A research-based set of Learning Teaching Support Material (LTSM) was developed for high school educators. The learning material includes a DVD, PowerPoint presentations, posters, a teacher's manual, and assignments that can be used in different subjects. This study reports and reviews how teachers are currently using the material. Teacher accounts of materials use and evidence of learning in students work were solicited using an appreciative inquiry review process. The data reflected the value being created through patterns of materials use. A Vygotskian based task sequencing framework of Anne Edwards was used to examine the patterns of use which support learning. The use of the task sequencing as an analytical lens allowed the review to probe how knowledge representation was the primary use by teachers. Here they introduced learners to key concepts and to broaden their knowledge on renewable energy. The activities served to scaffold a clear learning progression but the activities were not strongly enough orientated towards ESD as learner-led processes of enquiry and action. The outcomes of the study will be used to update and better align the materials with a need for teachers to strengthen important ESD outcomes in the current curriculum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The socio-economic contribution of non-timber forest product trade to households in four villages in Zomba and Machinga Districts, Malawi
- Authors: Mahonya, Sophie Manchichi
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4787 , vital:20724
- Description: The principal aim of this study was to assess the socio-economic contribution of nontimber forest product (NTFP) trade to households in Zomba and Machinga, southern Malawi. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through several methods, including a household survey using questionnaire interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews with individual traders, direct observations, and literature review. The quantitative data were analysed statistically using SPPS version 16.0 while the qualitative data were analysed thematically. NTFP trade was the third important source of cash income for 15% of the households, although the level of use, buying and selling of NTFPs varied across the four study villages. All households in all the study villages used firewood (100%), and most used thatch grass (94%), bamboo (96%), wood for building (92%), largely as construction materials. However, the percentage of households buying NTFPs was lower, with the maximum percentage of households being 50%. The percent of households engaged in selling at least one NTFP was lower still at 39%. Substantial cash incomes were generated from firewood and edible orchids sales which provided up to a maximum of Mk180,000, equivalent to US$456, per year. Households joined the trade mostly for an alternative source of cash income due to poverty and to meet basic needs when other options were not available or feasible. Cash income generated from NTFP trade acted as a safety net and a coping strategy when other avenues supporting livelihoods were not accessible. The socio-economic benefits derived from NTFP trade were associated with the quantities collected, sold, market forces influenced by the law of demand and supply. The small amounts of cash income generated by most households were important as they supplemented household cash needs. There was a strong association between NTFP trade as one of the important sources of cash income and the number of months a household had food from their own garden in a year. There was a significant relationship though weak between ranking of NTFP trade and livestock ownership by households. Value chain analysis was used as an analytical tool to understand the processes involved in NTFP trade. The value chains for the products under study were short, dominated by traders and some intermediaries. Most of the products were sold in local markets with little value addition. This study recommends that policy makers should integrate NTFPs into their development plans, emphasizing the establishment of management strategies that will enhance availability and sustainability of the resource. NTFPs contributed to the livelihoods of the households socially and economically through provision of food, cash income, energy for cooking, medicine and construction materials.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mahonya, Sophie Manchichi
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4787 , vital:20724
- Description: The principal aim of this study was to assess the socio-economic contribution of nontimber forest product (NTFP) trade to households in Zomba and Machinga, southern Malawi. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through several methods, including a household survey using questionnaire interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews with individual traders, direct observations, and literature review. The quantitative data were analysed statistically using SPPS version 16.0 while the qualitative data were analysed thematically. NTFP trade was the third important source of cash income for 15% of the households, although the level of use, buying and selling of NTFPs varied across the four study villages. All households in all the study villages used firewood (100%), and most used thatch grass (94%), bamboo (96%), wood for building (92%), largely as construction materials. However, the percentage of households buying NTFPs was lower, with the maximum percentage of households being 50%. The percent of households engaged in selling at least one NTFP was lower still at 39%. Substantial cash incomes were generated from firewood and edible orchids sales which provided up to a maximum of Mk180,000, equivalent to US$456, per year. Households joined the trade mostly for an alternative source of cash income due to poverty and to meet basic needs when other options were not available or feasible. Cash income generated from NTFP trade acted as a safety net and a coping strategy when other avenues supporting livelihoods were not accessible. The socio-economic benefits derived from NTFP trade were associated with the quantities collected, sold, market forces influenced by the law of demand and supply. The small amounts of cash income generated by most households were important as they supplemented household cash needs. There was a strong association between NTFP trade as one of the important sources of cash income and the number of months a household had food from their own garden in a year. There was a significant relationship though weak between ranking of NTFP trade and livestock ownership by households. Value chain analysis was used as an analytical tool to understand the processes involved in NTFP trade. The value chains for the products under study were short, dominated by traders and some intermediaries. Most of the products were sold in local markets with little value addition. This study recommends that policy makers should integrate NTFPs into their development plans, emphasizing the establishment of management strategies that will enhance availability and sustainability of the resource. NTFPs contributed to the livelihoods of the households socially and economically through provision of food, cash income, energy for cooking, medicine and construction materials.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
A review of the development and enactment of a radio programme on rainwater harvesting in expanding social learning interactions: a case of the Imvotho Bubomi Learning Network in the Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Lupele, Chisala
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Imvotho Bubomi Learning Network , Amanzi for Food , Radio in education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational broadcasting -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Radio stations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community radio -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Environmental education -- South Africa , Water conservation -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Rhodes University. Environmental Learning Research Centre
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/12991 , vital:21786
- Description: The use of radio and associated information and communications technologies (ICTs) has not been widely explored as a process of environmental education over the years. If environmental education is to involve many people, the use of radio and associated ICTs, particularly in community radio, needs to be researched because radio has multilayered functions. This study examines how practitioners in an agricultural Community of Practice (CoP), namely the Imvotho Bubomi Learning Network in the Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa developed a radio programme on rainwater harvesting for the promotion of food security. The study probes the expansion and social learning of the network and into the public sphere after broadcasts. The study draws on research data generated in the Amanzi for Food project which was funded by the Water Research Commission of South Africa and was led by the Rhodes University Environmental Learning Research Centre. Using interviews, radio programme transcripts and observations, the study found that through using their prior knowledge from a training of trainers’ course on rain water harvesting and drawing on everyday experience of rainwater harvesting the CoP members had an expansion in their mutual engagement, joint enterprise, diversity, shared repertoire and identity into a knowledge community. This learning process developed through a successive elaboration of social ecological and social articulations related to the expansive functioning of the CoP; and experience of the benefits of rainwater harvesting as radio programme listeners deliberated how the different practices related to their existing knowledge and experience. The study also found that these expansive processes of social learning occurred across the spectrum of smallholder farmers and homestead food growers in a stimulated radio listening focus group discussion. The study concludes that agriculture practitioners involved in education for sustainable development could expand their knowledge sharing platforms by giving more attention to community radio as a means of both involving participants and engaging learning communities in local environment and sustainability concerns.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Lupele, Chisala
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Imvotho Bubomi Learning Network , Amanzi for Food , Radio in education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational broadcasting -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Radio stations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community radio -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Environmental education -- South Africa , Water conservation -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Rhodes University. Environmental Learning Research Centre
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/12991 , vital:21786
- Description: The use of radio and associated information and communications technologies (ICTs) has not been widely explored as a process of environmental education over the years. If environmental education is to involve many people, the use of radio and associated ICTs, particularly in community radio, needs to be researched because radio has multilayered functions. This study examines how practitioners in an agricultural Community of Practice (CoP), namely the Imvotho Bubomi Learning Network in the Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa developed a radio programme on rainwater harvesting for the promotion of food security. The study probes the expansion and social learning of the network and into the public sphere after broadcasts. The study draws on research data generated in the Amanzi for Food project which was funded by the Water Research Commission of South Africa and was led by the Rhodes University Environmental Learning Research Centre. Using interviews, radio programme transcripts and observations, the study found that through using their prior knowledge from a training of trainers’ course on rain water harvesting and drawing on everyday experience of rainwater harvesting the CoP members had an expansion in their mutual engagement, joint enterprise, diversity, shared repertoire and identity into a knowledge community. This learning process developed through a successive elaboration of social ecological and social articulations related to the expansive functioning of the CoP; and experience of the benefits of rainwater harvesting as radio programme listeners deliberated how the different practices related to their existing knowledge and experience. The study also found that these expansive processes of social learning occurred across the spectrum of smallholder farmers and homestead food growers in a stimulated radio listening focus group discussion. The study concludes that agriculture practitioners involved in education for sustainable development could expand their knowledge sharing platforms by giving more attention to community radio as a means of both involving participants and engaging learning communities in local environment and sustainability concerns.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Dance as a tool for emotional well-being
- Authors: Conchar, Lauren
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Dance therapy , Well-being , Happiness , Adolescent psychology , Dance -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats , Dance -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats , Dance -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats -- Case studies , Community development, Urban -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5129 , vital:20779
- Description: Dance has numerous benefits for emotional well-being. For young people specifically it can serve as a prosocial activity where they can engage in a purposeful activity, in a safe space with consistent boundaries and discipline, while surrounded by peers, teachers and positive role models. Recreational spaces that allow young people to feel safe and express themselves is especially important in low socioeconomic areas where there are limited resources and exposure to heightened levels of crime as young people may be less likely to engage in negative behaviours when they have access to alternative, positive activities. This research aimed to explore the lived experiences of a group of young people who participate in dance classes at a community dance project in the Western Cape. The sample group consisted of four young people between the ages of 16 and 20. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants and the interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three major themes emerged from the data, namely 1) My exposure to dance - The impact of context, 2) What motivates me to continue attending classes - The fulfilment of the three basic psychological needs, and 3) How does dance make me feel - The experience of emotional well-being through dance. The discussion of the findings yielded many similarities between the experiences of the participants and the relevant literature. Further, it appears that all four participants experience the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy and relatedness) at the centre. This may serve as a motivator to continue attending classes as well as contribute to sustained eudaimonic wellbeing. Recommendations include further studies being conducted with groups of young people engaging in dance projects in different socioeconomic contexts and in different parts of South Africa. This could give us a more rounded understanding of how people young people experience dance class and how it contributes to emotional well-being. Further research could also be conducted with recreational projects that offer other activities in under-resourced areas in order to better inform the development of such recreational activities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Conchar, Lauren
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Dance therapy , Well-being , Happiness , Adolescent psychology , Dance -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats , Dance -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats , Dance -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats -- Case studies , Community development, Urban -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Cape Flats -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5129 , vital:20779
- Description: Dance has numerous benefits for emotional well-being. For young people specifically it can serve as a prosocial activity where they can engage in a purposeful activity, in a safe space with consistent boundaries and discipline, while surrounded by peers, teachers and positive role models. Recreational spaces that allow young people to feel safe and express themselves is especially important in low socioeconomic areas where there are limited resources and exposure to heightened levels of crime as young people may be less likely to engage in negative behaviours when they have access to alternative, positive activities. This research aimed to explore the lived experiences of a group of young people who participate in dance classes at a community dance project in the Western Cape. The sample group consisted of four young people between the ages of 16 and 20. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the participants and the interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three major themes emerged from the data, namely 1) My exposure to dance - The impact of context, 2) What motivates me to continue attending classes - The fulfilment of the three basic psychological needs, and 3) How does dance make me feel - The experience of emotional well-being through dance. The discussion of the findings yielded many similarities between the experiences of the participants and the relevant literature. Further, it appears that all four participants experience the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy and relatedness) at the centre. This may serve as a motivator to continue attending classes as well as contribute to sustained eudaimonic wellbeing. Recommendations include further studies being conducted with groups of young people engaging in dance projects in different socioeconomic contexts and in different parts of South Africa. This could give us a more rounded understanding of how people young people experience dance class and how it contributes to emotional well-being. Further research could also be conducted with recreational projects that offer other activities in under-resourced areas in order to better inform the development of such recreational activities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Contemporary Zambian art, conceptualism and the ‘global’ art world
- Authors: Mulenga, Andrew Mukuka
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5187 , vital:20784
- Description: In Zambia, ‘contemporary art’ (as a category constructed by the European-dominated international art world), was introduced by the European settler community and continued within its preserve, remaining largely inaccessible to the indigenous community of Africans until Zambia’s independence in 1964. This thesis traces the integration of Africans into the contemporary art community and attributes the process, in part, to a small group of artists of European descent who played a significant role in engaging with Zambians, working side by side with them, subsequently influencing their art production and implicitly shaping the ways in which ‘Zambian’ art ‘ought to’ look for decades to come. The research traces the early days of contemporary art practice in Zambia to the Lusaka Art Society and Art Centre Foundation that was founded and run by an all-settler group of formally trained artists with a particular inclination towards sculpture and painting. In the wake of the integration however, art production in the formalist manner was further proliferated by the European diplomatic community which would also go as far as dictating artistic subject matter. This thesis argues that the Eurocentric and pre-eminently formalist approach to contemporary art has cost Zambian artists an international presence. I submit that the few instances where contemporary Zambian art practice has penetrated the ‘global art’ scene or caught the attention of international curators is due to artists adopting more radical conceptual approaches to art production, often creating tensions with local viewers. This thesis also examines conceptualism in contemporary Zambian art practice and examines the inequalities of the ‘global art’ world. I argue that conceptual art, although not generally accepted on the Zambian art scene, has played a vital role in helping Zambian artists enter the global art world, albeit modestly.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mulenga, Andrew Mukuka
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MFA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5187 , vital:20784
- Description: In Zambia, ‘contemporary art’ (as a category constructed by the European-dominated international art world), was introduced by the European settler community and continued within its preserve, remaining largely inaccessible to the indigenous community of Africans until Zambia’s independence in 1964. This thesis traces the integration of Africans into the contemporary art community and attributes the process, in part, to a small group of artists of European descent who played a significant role in engaging with Zambians, working side by side with them, subsequently influencing their art production and implicitly shaping the ways in which ‘Zambian’ art ‘ought to’ look for decades to come. The research traces the early days of contemporary art practice in Zambia to the Lusaka Art Society and Art Centre Foundation that was founded and run by an all-settler group of formally trained artists with a particular inclination towards sculpture and painting. In the wake of the integration however, art production in the formalist manner was further proliferated by the European diplomatic community which would also go as far as dictating artistic subject matter. This thesis argues that the Eurocentric and pre-eminently formalist approach to contemporary art has cost Zambian artists an international presence. I submit that the few instances where contemporary Zambian art practice has penetrated the ‘global art’ scene or caught the attention of international curators is due to artists adopting more radical conceptual approaches to art production, often creating tensions with local viewers. This thesis also examines conceptualism in contemporary Zambian art practice and examines the inequalities of the ‘global art’ world. I argue that conceptual art, although not generally accepted on the Zambian art scene, has played a vital role in helping Zambian artists enter the global art world, albeit modestly.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
“Oh, you have a ‘she’?”: exploring the lived experiences of black same-sex females living in Grahamstown, South Africa
- Authors: Haihambo, Naem Patemoshela
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Lesbians, Black -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Lesbians, Black -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Psychology , Lesbians, Black -- South Africa -- Public opinion , Lesbianism -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Lesbianism -- South Africa -- Public opinion
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4304 , vital:20646
- Description: The South African Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of a variety of factors including race and gender and sexual orientation. This inclusion came in 1996 after an oppressive apartheid regime was overcome, also positioning the South African Constitution amongst the more liberal, especially in the wider African context. This inclusion and the contextual disparity has caused curiosity about the realities of same-sex sexualities, especially taking into consideration media reports on violence and perceived social opposition of same- sex sexualities in South Africa. Much of this attention has motivated research studies on same-sex sexualities. Within this research, however, black female same-sex sexualities have been positioned as vulnerable and victimised within the heteronormative context, with much of this research focusing on ‘corrective/curative’ rape. There has however been increasing efforts in moving away from this limiting position by a select few (e.g. Zanele Muholi and Zethu Matebeni) in a more explorative direction in attempts to investigate black female sexualities as complex and expressive rather than passive. This study is an interpretive phenomenological investigation of the lived experiences of black female same-sex sexualities and the plurality of identities that influence their everyday experiences. This took into account intersectionality, heteronormativity and queer theory, which provided a theoretical framework for this study. During the interview process, participants described their experiences as black same-sex females in a variety of contexts including their experiences and influences of external factors (such as family and university. From the results of this research, experiences and identities of participants are presented as complex, fluid, expressive and to some extent political. Participants also expressed the difficulties encountered with misinformed friends and families and describe ways in which they assert themselves within their social and personal contexts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Haihambo, Naem Patemoshela
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Lesbians, Black -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Lesbians, Black -- South Africa -- Makhanda -- Psychology , Lesbians, Black -- South Africa -- Public opinion , Lesbianism -- South Africa -- Makhanda , Lesbianism -- South Africa -- Public opinion
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4304 , vital:20646
- Description: The South African Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of a variety of factors including race and gender and sexual orientation. This inclusion came in 1996 after an oppressive apartheid regime was overcome, also positioning the South African Constitution amongst the more liberal, especially in the wider African context. This inclusion and the contextual disparity has caused curiosity about the realities of same-sex sexualities, especially taking into consideration media reports on violence and perceived social opposition of same- sex sexualities in South Africa. Much of this attention has motivated research studies on same-sex sexualities. Within this research, however, black female same-sex sexualities have been positioned as vulnerable and victimised within the heteronormative context, with much of this research focusing on ‘corrective/curative’ rape. There has however been increasing efforts in moving away from this limiting position by a select few (e.g. Zanele Muholi and Zethu Matebeni) in a more explorative direction in attempts to investigate black female sexualities as complex and expressive rather than passive. This study is an interpretive phenomenological investigation of the lived experiences of black female same-sex sexualities and the plurality of identities that influence their everyday experiences. This took into account intersectionality, heteronormativity and queer theory, which provided a theoretical framework for this study. During the interview process, participants described their experiences as black same-sex females in a variety of contexts including their experiences and influences of external factors (such as family and university. From the results of this research, experiences and identities of participants are presented as complex, fluid, expressive and to some extent political. Participants also expressed the difficulties encountered with misinformed friends and families and describe ways in which they assert themselves within their social and personal contexts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The emergence of youth protest music and arts as alternative media in Zimbabwe: a Gramscian analysis
- Authors: Kabwato, Chris
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Protest songs -- Zimbabwe , Protest poetry -- Zimbabwe , Hip-hop -- Political aspects -- Zimbabwe , Radical theater -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/51228 , vital:26072
- Description: The primary goal of the research is to examine the reasons for the emergence of - hip-hop-based youth protest music and satirical video comedy in Zimbabwe in a context where democratic and media practice has been restricted. The study examines the strategies and platforms that the young urban-based, musicians and cultural activists employ as they contest the meta-narrative of political nationalists who control the public mass media. The study recognises culture as a site of struggle and seeks to tease out the meaning of specific art forms (‘conscious’ hip-hop music and faux-news satire) in this very specific period of Zimbabwe’s history. The study proposes that the rise of these new forms of hip-hop based protest music, poetry and satirical comedy indicate how through the production and circulation of popular culture, ordinary Africans are able to debate pertinent issues that are marginalised by the official media channels. The study thus sees these artists as organic intellectuals who use alternative media to engage with different publics as they seek to counter hegemonic discourses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The emergence of youth protest music and arts as alternative media in Zimbabwe: a Gramscian analysis
- Authors: Kabwato, Chris
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Protest songs -- Zimbabwe , Protest poetry -- Zimbabwe , Hip-hop -- Political aspects -- Zimbabwe , Radical theater -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/51228 , vital:26072
- Description: The primary goal of the research is to examine the reasons for the emergence of - hip-hop-based youth protest music and satirical video comedy in Zimbabwe in a context where democratic and media practice has been restricted. The study examines the strategies and platforms that the young urban-based, musicians and cultural activists employ as they contest the meta-narrative of political nationalists who control the public mass media. The study recognises culture as a site of struggle and seeks to tease out the meaning of specific art forms (‘conscious’ hip-hop music and faux-news satire) in this very specific period of Zimbabwe’s history. The study proposes that the rise of these new forms of hip-hop based protest music, poetry and satirical comedy indicate how through the production and circulation of popular culture, ordinary Africans are able to debate pertinent issues that are marginalised by the official media channels. The study thus sees these artists as organic intellectuals who use alternative media to engage with different publics as they seek to counter hegemonic discourses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Exploring the possibility of integrating traditional music and dance into the design and delivery of lessons on the concepts of echo and waves in the grade 10 Physical Science sound topic
- Authors: Liveve, Angelius Kanyanga
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Student-centered learning Namibia , Culturally relevant pedagogy Namibia , Science Study and teaching (Secondary) Namibia , Dance in education Namibia , Music in education Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/13356 , vital:21826
- Description: Before Namibian independence in 1990, teaching was mostly characterized by teacher-centred pedagogies in which teachers were perceived as the main sources of knowledge. This resulted in learners being passive recipients of such unquestioned knowledge. After independence and to address this, a new educational system was introduced which promoted learner-centred education (LCE) pedagogy. Despite these grand ideals, educational changes in sub-Saharan Africa form a complex issue involving tensions between policy formulation and implementation. This presents Namibian teachers with some challenges in enacting LCE pedagogies. One of these challenges is to find ways to motivate learners and to assist their learning by finding relevant and interesting connections between subject topics and their own experiences and everyday culture outside the classroom. An inability to enact the new curriculum results in learners performing poorly in subjects such as Physical Science. Against this backdrop, this study sought to explore whether or not the integration of traditional music and dance into the design and delivery of lessons on the concepts of echo and waves could influence grade 10 Physical Science learners’ sense making and dispositions towards science. This study was underpinned by an interpretive paradigm. It was informed and guided by the socio-cultural theory as my theoretical framework. The study was carried out with a grade 10 Physical Science class consisting of 30 learners at Lyambombla Combined School (pseudonym) in the Kavango West Region in the northern part of Namibia. Data were generated through diagnostic and summative tests, interviews and lesson observations incorporating traditional music and dance. The findings of the study showed that learners’ sense making and dispositions toward science were positively influenced through traditional music and dance. The study thus recommends the incorporation of indigenous ways of knowing in order to enhance meaning making in science classrooms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Liveve, Angelius Kanyanga
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Student-centered learning Namibia , Culturally relevant pedagogy Namibia , Science Study and teaching (Secondary) Namibia , Dance in education Namibia , Music in education Namibia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/13356 , vital:21826
- Description: Before Namibian independence in 1990, teaching was mostly characterized by teacher-centred pedagogies in which teachers were perceived as the main sources of knowledge. This resulted in learners being passive recipients of such unquestioned knowledge. After independence and to address this, a new educational system was introduced which promoted learner-centred education (LCE) pedagogy. Despite these grand ideals, educational changes in sub-Saharan Africa form a complex issue involving tensions between policy formulation and implementation. This presents Namibian teachers with some challenges in enacting LCE pedagogies. One of these challenges is to find ways to motivate learners and to assist their learning by finding relevant and interesting connections between subject topics and their own experiences and everyday culture outside the classroom. An inability to enact the new curriculum results in learners performing poorly in subjects such as Physical Science. Against this backdrop, this study sought to explore whether or not the integration of traditional music and dance into the design and delivery of lessons on the concepts of echo and waves could influence grade 10 Physical Science learners’ sense making and dispositions towards science. This study was underpinned by an interpretive paradigm. It was informed and guided by the socio-cultural theory as my theoretical framework. The study was carried out with a grade 10 Physical Science class consisting of 30 learners at Lyambombla Combined School (pseudonym) in the Kavango West Region in the northern part of Namibia. Data were generated through diagnostic and summative tests, interviews and lesson observations incorporating traditional music and dance. The findings of the study showed that learners’ sense making and dispositions toward science were positively influenced through traditional music and dance. The study thus recommends the incorporation of indigenous ways of knowing in order to enhance meaning making in science classrooms.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Appropriate integration of workers with physical limitations into a manual workplace – development of an assessment tool
- Authors: Pearson, Jessie T
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/8209 , vital:21368
- Description: Background: People with physical limitations can contribute significantly to society and the economy, however, barriers to full and effective participation in the labour market often hinder decent employment. In light of this, placement decisions of impaired workers should be based on detailed information of the nature of the jobs available, as well as individual capabilities of the worker. An ergonomics approach to design attempts to achieve an appropriate balance between the capabilities of the worker and the requirements of the task and uses this balance to improve productivity and encourage physical and mental well-being, job satisfaction and safety. A specific analysis tool which can be applied to various workplaces and jobs, and provide information for decisions regarding placement of physically limited workers, will help to increase the percentage of correct placement in an appropriate workplace, resulting in optimum productivity and worker safety. Methods: An assessment tool which allows matching of job requirements and worker capabilities was developed based on a theoretical framework from Mattison and Goebel (2007), as well as principles defined by Almgren and Schaurig (2012) and Demura and Nakada (2010). The tool assesses range of motion, force and time components of the physical requirements of different tasks involved in the job, as well as movement capabilities and limitations of the worker. The tool was pilot tested in a case study with an above the knee amputee working at a research facility. Results: The tool successfully provided information regarding the matching of the work to the identified job. The output of the tool highlighted two tasks which would place the worker at risk due to physical requirements of the tasks being greater than movement capabilities of the worker. These tasks need to be further investigated to determine if accommodations can be made to assist the worker in safely performing the task, or if the job is not suitable for the worker. Conclusions: The tool developed was useful in providing information to inform appropriate placement of the physically limited worker. Further research needs to be done to validate and determine reliability of the tool.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Pearson, Jessie T
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/8209 , vital:21368
- Description: Background: People with physical limitations can contribute significantly to society and the economy, however, barriers to full and effective participation in the labour market often hinder decent employment. In light of this, placement decisions of impaired workers should be based on detailed information of the nature of the jobs available, as well as individual capabilities of the worker. An ergonomics approach to design attempts to achieve an appropriate balance between the capabilities of the worker and the requirements of the task and uses this balance to improve productivity and encourage physical and mental well-being, job satisfaction and safety. A specific analysis tool which can be applied to various workplaces and jobs, and provide information for decisions regarding placement of physically limited workers, will help to increase the percentage of correct placement in an appropriate workplace, resulting in optimum productivity and worker safety. Methods: An assessment tool which allows matching of job requirements and worker capabilities was developed based on a theoretical framework from Mattison and Goebel (2007), as well as principles defined by Almgren and Schaurig (2012) and Demura and Nakada (2010). The tool assesses range of motion, force and time components of the physical requirements of different tasks involved in the job, as well as movement capabilities and limitations of the worker. The tool was pilot tested in a case study with an above the knee amputee working at a research facility. Results: The tool successfully provided information regarding the matching of the work to the identified job. The output of the tool highlighted two tasks which would place the worker at risk due to physical requirements of the tasks being greater than movement capabilities of the worker. These tasks need to be further investigated to determine if accommodations can be made to assist the worker in safely performing the task, or if the job is not suitable for the worker. Conclusions: The tool developed was useful in providing information to inform appropriate placement of the physically limited worker. Further research needs to be done to validate and determine reliability of the tool.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The sedimentology and depositional model of VS5 reef at Beatrix mine and surrounding areas of the Freestate Goldfield, South Africa
- Authors: Shivambu, Steven
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4942 , vital:20745
- Description: Historically, placers of economic importance at Sibanye Gold's Beatrix No. 3 Shaft were Beatrix Reef, Aandenk Reef and Composite of the two reefs. Recently, the VS5 placer has emerged to be a significant contributor of ore tonnages mined on the Shaft as mining advances into deeper levels towards the northern portion of the mine lease area. Gold concentration in the VS5 Reef is highly variable from uneconomic, through marginal to economic gold values. A good knowledge of the sedimentological framework of the VS5 Reef was considered necessary in order to interpret the variable distribution of the gold within the VS5 placer. The aim of this study was to determine the depositional environments that played a major role during the formation of the VS5 placer by means of investigating the macroscopic sedimentological parameters of this particular reef. These sedimentological parameters were used as the basis for the subdivision of VS5 Reef into different facies recognized in the mine and surrounding areas. It was recognized that the VS5 placer was formed in a distal, braided fluvial environment by the reworking of the pre-existing Aandenk Reef by new materials containing significant amount of nondurable materials (see definition on page xii) such as shale detritus. Where there is no evidence of reworking of the older Aandenk Reef, the VS5 Reef occurs as poorly sorted, polymictic conglomerate with abundance of non-durable detritus. This is referred to as the Immature (IV) VS5 facies and occurs in the northern portion of the study area. The degree of reworking of the gravel bars by waves and current action resulted in the formation of well sorted, oligomictic conglomerates of the Beatrix facies in the southern portion of the mine. At the boundaries between the Immature VS5 and Beatrix facies occurs the Transitional (Sub-mature) VS5 facies, characterized by reef comprising a polymictic upper portion and a basal more mature oligomictic unit. The Transitional VS5 facies extends across the current central northern mining faces of Beatrix No. 3 Shaft with a northwest-southeast trend. There is a strong correlation between the VS5 lithofacies and distribution of gold mineralization. The Immature VS5 facies is poorly mineralized, with gold values averaging 200 c.m.g/t and lower. The Transitional (Sub-mature) VS5 facies has elevated gold values, ranging from 300 c.m.g/t to 1500 cm.g/t. Mineralization in this unit tend to be bottom loaded as well as at the base of each cyclic unit. The Beatrix facies records the highest grades averaging >1500 cmg/t. The improved understanding of the VS5 lithofacies made it possible to predict gold mineralization and aid planning to mine into viable VS5 areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Shivambu, Steven
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4942 , vital:20745
- Description: Historically, placers of economic importance at Sibanye Gold's Beatrix No. 3 Shaft were Beatrix Reef, Aandenk Reef and Composite of the two reefs. Recently, the VS5 placer has emerged to be a significant contributor of ore tonnages mined on the Shaft as mining advances into deeper levels towards the northern portion of the mine lease area. Gold concentration in the VS5 Reef is highly variable from uneconomic, through marginal to economic gold values. A good knowledge of the sedimentological framework of the VS5 Reef was considered necessary in order to interpret the variable distribution of the gold within the VS5 placer. The aim of this study was to determine the depositional environments that played a major role during the formation of the VS5 placer by means of investigating the macroscopic sedimentological parameters of this particular reef. These sedimentological parameters were used as the basis for the subdivision of VS5 Reef into different facies recognized in the mine and surrounding areas. It was recognized that the VS5 placer was formed in a distal, braided fluvial environment by the reworking of the pre-existing Aandenk Reef by new materials containing significant amount of nondurable materials (see definition on page xii) such as shale detritus. Where there is no evidence of reworking of the older Aandenk Reef, the VS5 Reef occurs as poorly sorted, polymictic conglomerate with abundance of non-durable detritus. This is referred to as the Immature (IV) VS5 facies and occurs in the northern portion of the study area. The degree of reworking of the gravel bars by waves and current action resulted in the formation of well sorted, oligomictic conglomerates of the Beatrix facies in the southern portion of the mine. At the boundaries between the Immature VS5 and Beatrix facies occurs the Transitional (Sub-mature) VS5 facies, characterized by reef comprising a polymictic upper portion and a basal more mature oligomictic unit. The Transitional VS5 facies extends across the current central northern mining faces of Beatrix No. 3 Shaft with a northwest-southeast trend. There is a strong correlation between the VS5 lithofacies and distribution of gold mineralization. The Immature VS5 facies is poorly mineralized, with gold values averaging 200 c.m.g/t and lower. The Transitional (Sub-mature) VS5 facies has elevated gold values, ranging from 300 c.m.g/t to 1500 cm.g/t. Mineralization in this unit tend to be bottom loaded as well as at the base of each cyclic unit. The Beatrix facies records the highest grades averaging >1500 cmg/t. The improved understanding of the VS5 lithofacies made it possible to predict gold mineralization and aid planning to mine into viable VS5 areas.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Transcription, edition, translation and critical analysis of biographical poems contributed by S E K Mqhayi to early IsiXhosa newspapers
- Authors: Mazwi, Ntombomzi R
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Mqhayi, S E K -- Criticism and interpretation , Mqhayi, S E K -- Translations , Xhosa language -- Transcription , Xhosa poetry -- History and criticism , Xhosa poetry -- Translations
- Language: English , Xhosa
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/18570 , vital:22356
- Description: During the nineteenth century secular creative literature produced by missionaries and publishers was designed for the educational market and for school children and there was nothing for adults. Works of isiXhosa literature was controlled in content and freely edited by the missionaries to satisfy the demands of educational syllabuses. As a result, students at universities, scholars of literature and academics in higher education are lacking primary documents on this literature and therefore are forced to study the limited and unavailable literature books. This thesis concentrates on the work of a particular isiXhosa writer, namely that of S.E.K. Mqhayi. The earlier writers like S.E.K. Mqhayi, J.J.R. Jolobe, G.B. Sinxo and others made their mark in South African literature and culture. Their works were published in journals and newspapers in isiXhosa by the missionaries. This means isiXhosa literature can be found in abundance in the earlier newspapers. What needs to be addressed is how the South African community and literature scholars mentioned above could have access to that work. Mqhayi is well known as the father of the isiXhosa language because of his substantial literary and linguistic contribution to the development of the language. As already mentioned he made his contribution through written work which was published in various newspapers of his time and unfortunately most people are unable to access this material, hence the focus of this thesis. The vast majority of his journalism remains as yet uncollected. However, scholars like Opland (1983) and Saule (1989) made some effort to bring this information to the public through their extensive research. S.E.K. Mqhayi’s popular poems have been published and analyzed over the last century and more recently (Qangule 1979; Kuse 1979; Opland 1983; Saule 1989 & 1996; Ntuli & Swanepoel 1993 and Opland 2009). However, in terms of quantity and value, these are negligible compared to what Mqhayi has published. There are still numerous of Mqhayi’s poems that would add value to the study and history of isiXhosa literature. The main aim of this research is to carry on from where these scholars left off and to bring to the fore the legacy Mqhayi left to the South African people. Hence, thirty (30) poems on people by S.E.K. Mqhayi have been transcribed from the old newspapers, re- typed, translated into English and analysed. These poems are largely published in newspapers but have never been subsequently republished, and hence they are almost completely unknown. The thirty (30) poems have been selected with the assistance of Professor Jeff Opland, a retired Professor from the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). The poems are from his Opland Collection of Xhosa Literature housed in Godalming, United Kingdom. They are presented in the manner in which they appeared originally, that is, in terms of isiXhosa orthography during the times of Mqhayi’s writing (Diplomatic Presentation). The data is analysed and discussed in relation to how Mqhayi’s biographical poems can give insight not only to Mqhayi’s subjects of praise, but into how he uses historical, political and sociocultural contexts in the praises of his subjects, meaning that the discussion revolves around the practice of the Historical-Biographical Criticism. The poems are translated into English to allow for this literature not only to be disseminated among isiXhosa speakers, but also to speakers of other languages who understand English. The translation method chosen is the one believed to produce the originality of the source text and sameness of meaning in the target text which is regarded as equivalence. This thesis therefore is an investigation into 30 poems selected from biographical poems written by S.E.K. Mqhayi in newspapers during the period 1899-1944. In essence this thesis presents an in-depth analysis of Mqhayi’s poems against the backdrop of oral literary theory as expounded by theorists who have grappled with the orality-literacy debate, a debate which directly informs Mqhayi’s poetry as he was the first oral poet to transition between orality and literacy. , Uncwadi oluveliswe kwishumi elinesithoba lamakhulu eminyaka ziimishinari nabapapashi lwalwenzelwe izifundiswa kunye nabantwana besikolo kwaye akukho msebenzi mninzi ofumanekayo owawenzelwe abantu basekuhlaleni. Umsebenzi omninzi wokubhaliweyo kuncwadi lwesiXhosa wawulawulwa, uhlelwa kwaye ulungiselelwa uqingqo lwezifundo. Oko ke kuye kwabangela ukuba abafundi abakumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, iimfundi zoncwadi kunye nabahlohli zingabinawo amaxwebhu okwenene oncwadi lwesiXhosa, kwaye loo nto yenza ukuba kufundwe kwaye kwenziwe uphando ngeencwadi ezimbalwa. Olu phando ke ngoko luza kuqwalasela lugxininise kumsebenzi wombhali wesiXhosa onguS.E.K. Mqhayi. Ababhali bangaphambili abafana noo-S.E.K. Mqhayi, J.J.R. Jolobe, G.B. Sinxo nabanye bashiya ifuthe elikhulu kuncwadi nenkcubeko yoMzantsi Afrika. Imisebenzi yabo yayipapashwe ziimishinari ngesiXhosa kuluhlu lwemibhalo namaphephandaba. Oko ke kuthetha ukuthi le misebenzi yesiXhosa iyafumaneka kumaphepha-ndaba angaphambili. Okufuneka kulungisiwe yindlela abemi boMzantsi Afrika kunye nezi mfundi zoncwadi zikhankanywe ngentla zingathi ziwufumane lo msebenzi waba babhali bangaphambili. UMqhayi waziwa ngokuba yinkcuba- buchopho yolwimi lwesiXhosa kwaye udlale indima enkulu kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Njengokuba sele ikhankanyiwe ngentla, umsebenzi wakhe upapashwe kumaphephandaba awohlukeneyo wela xesha wayesaphila kwaye kungelishwa ke ukuba abantu abaninzi abakwazi ukuwufumana loo msebenzi. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe emininzi ke kodwa ayiqokelelwanga. Iingcali ezifana noo-Opland (1983) noSaule (1989) zaye zenza uphando olukhulu zizama ukuzisa olu lwazi eluntwini, kodwa oko akwanelanga. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo imibongo edumileyo ka-S.E.K. Mqhayi sele yapapashwa (Qangule, 1979; Kuse, 1979; Opland, 1983 & 2009; Saule, 1989 & 1996; Ntuli & Swanepoel, 1993). Nangona kunjalo ke isekhona eminye imibongo kaMqhayi engekaveli nenokuthi ibe nenxaxheba kakhulu ekufundeni nasekufundiseni uncwadi lwesiXhosa. Olu phando ke kukuqhubeka apho aba babhali bakhankanyiweyo bayeke khona ukuzisa phambili umsebenzi nelifa elashiywa nguMqhayi kubemi baseMzantsi Afrika. Kungoko ke imibongo engabantu engama-30 kaMqhayi iza kuthi ikhutshelwe isuka kumaphephandaba akudala, iguqulelwe esiNgesini ze ihlahlelwe. Uninzi lwale mibongo ipapashwe kumaphephandaba akudala kwaye zange iphinde ipapashwe kwenye indawo, kungoko ke ingaziwa kakhulu. Ukukhethwa kwale mibongo ingama-30 kuncediswe nguNjingalwazi uJeff Opland, uNjingalwazi odla umhlala-phantsi weYunivesithi yase-London kwiSikolo seZifundo ngezaseAfrika naseMpumalanga (SOAS). Le mibongo isuka kuluhlu lwakhe athe waluqokelela nolubizwa ngokuba yi-Opland Collection of Xhosa Literature oluse- Godalming, e-United Kingdom. Indlela le mibongo eza kuthi ibhalwe ngayo yileyo uMqhayi wayeyibhale ngayo ngexesha lakhe. Le mibongo ihleliwe kwaye oko kubhaliweyo malunga nayo kuquka indlela apho imibongo kaMqhayi ngobomi babantu kuthi kubonise indlela abonga nabonisa ngayo izinto zoPolitiko, zakudala nezasekuhlaleni ezazisenzeka ngela xesha. Indlela ethi konke oku kuthi kuvele kule mibongo kaMqhayi kwaye kuya kuthi kuvezwe kolu phando. Ukuguqulelwa kwale mibongo esiNgesini kuya kuthi kuncede ukuba nabo bangasithethiyo isiXhosa bakwazi ukufumana le mibongo. Indlela esetyenzisiweyo yoguqulo-lwimi yale mibongo yileyo ivumela ukuba umbhalo uguqulelwe ngokufanayo nombhalo-ntsusa kwaye intsingiselo kumbhalo ekuguqulelwa kuwo ingatshintshi. Lo misebenzi ke ngoko uluphando lwemibongo engabantu ekhethiweyo engama30 ebhalwe nguSEK Mqhayi kumaphephandaba kwimiminyaka u1899 - 1944. Umongo wolu phando kukwenza uhlalutyo - nzulu lwemibongo kaMqhayi eyaleka kuphando - lwazi osele lwenziwe njengoko lucaciswa ziingcali ezithe zazamana nengxoxo yoncwadi lomlomo, ngxoxo leyo ethe yachaphazela ngokumandla umongo wezibongo zikaMqhayi njengembongi yokuqala ukuwela ukusuka kuncwadi lomlomo ukuya kuncwadi olubhaliweyo.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mazwi, Ntombomzi R
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Mqhayi, S E K -- Criticism and interpretation , Mqhayi, S E K -- Translations , Xhosa language -- Transcription , Xhosa poetry -- History and criticism , Xhosa poetry -- Translations
- Language: English , Xhosa
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/18570 , vital:22356
- Description: During the nineteenth century secular creative literature produced by missionaries and publishers was designed for the educational market and for school children and there was nothing for adults. Works of isiXhosa literature was controlled in content and freely edited by the missionaries to satisfy the demands of educational syllabuses. As a result, students at universities, scholars of literature and academics in higher education are lacking primary documents on this literature and therefore are forced to study the limited and unavailable literature books. This thesis concentrates on the work of a particular isiXhosa writer, namely that of S.E.K. Mqhayi. The earlier writers like S.E.K. Mqhayi, J.J.R. Jolobe, G.B. Sinxo and others made their mark in South African literature and culture. Their works were published in journals and newspapers in isiXhosa by the missionaries. This means isiXhosa literature can be found in abundance in the earlier newspapers. What needs to be addressed is how the South African community and literature scholars mentioned above could have access to that work. Mqhayi is well known as the father of the isiXhosa language because of his substantial literary and linguistic contribution to the development of the language. As already mentioned he made his contribution through written work which was published in various newspapers of his time and unfortunately most people are unable to access this material, hence the focus of this thesis. The vast majority of his journalism remains as yet uncollected. However, scholars like Opland (1983) and Saule (1989) made some effort to bring this information to the public through their extensive research. S.E.K. Mqhayi’s popular poems have been published and analyzed over the last century and more recently (Qangule 1979; Kuse 1979; Opland 1983; Saule 1989 & 1996; Ntuli & Swanepoel 1993 and Opland 2009). However, in terms of quantity and value, these are negligible compared to what Mqhayi has published. There are still numerous of Mqhayi’s poems that would add value to the study and history of isiXhosa literature. The main aim of this research is to carry on from where these scholars left off and to bring to the fore the legacy Mqhayi left to the South African people. Hence, thirty (30) poems on people by S.E.K. Mqhayi have been transcribed from the old newspapers, re- typed, translated into English and analysed. These poems are largely published in newspapers but have never been subsequently republished, and hence they are almost completely unknown. The thirty (30) poems have been selected with the assistance of Professor Jeff Opland, a retired Professor from the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). The poems are from his Opland Collection of Xhosa Literature housed in Godalming, United Kingdom. They are presented in the manner in which they appeared originally, that is, in terms of isiXhosa orthography during the times of Mqhayi’s writing (Diplomatic Presentation). The data is analysed and discussed in relation to how Mqhayi’s biographical poems can give insight not only to Mqhayi’s subjects of praise, but into how he uses historical, political and sociocultural contexts in the praises of his subjects, meaning that the discussion revolves around the practice of the Historical-Biographical Criticism. The poems are translated into English to allow for this literature not only to be disseminated among isiXhosa speakers, but also to speakers of other languages who understand English. The translation method chosen is the one believed to produce the originality of the source text and sameness of meaning in the target text which is regarded as equivalence. This thesis therefore is an investigation into 30 poems selected from biographical poems written by S.E.K. Mqhayi in newspapers during the period 1899-1944. In essence this thesis presents an in-depth analysis of Mqhayi’s poems against the backdrop of oral literary theory as expounded by theorists who have grappled with the orality-literacy debate, a debate which directly informs Mqhayi’s poetry as he was the first oral poet to transition between orality and literacy. , Uncwadi oluveliswe kwishumi elinesithoba lamakhulu eminyaka ziimishinari nabapapashi lwalwenzelwe izifundiswa kunye nabantwana besikolo kwaye akukho msebenzi mninzi ofumanekayo owawenzelwe abantu basekuhlaleni. Umsebenzi omninzi wokubhaliweyo kuncwadi lwesiXhosa wawulawulwa, uhlelwa kwaye ulungiselelwa uqingqo lwezifundo. Oko ke kuye kwabangela ukuba abafundi abakumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, iimfundi zoncwadi kunye nabahlohli zingabinawo amaxwebhu okwenene oncwadi lwesiXhosa, kwaye loo nto yenza ukuba kufundwe kwaye kwenziwe uphando ngeencwadi ezimbalwa. Olu phando ke ngoko luza kuqwalasela lugxininise kumsebenzi wombhali wesiXhosa onguS.E.K. Mqhayi. Ababhali bangaphambili abafana noo-S.E.K. Mqhayi, J.J.R. Jolobe, G.B. Sinxo nabanye bashiya ifuthe elikhulu kuncwadi nenkcubeko yoMzantsi Afrika. Imisebenzi yabo yayipapashwe ziimishinari ngesiXhosa kuluhlu lwemibhalo namaphephandaba. Oko ke kuthetha ukuthi le misebenzi yesiXhosa iyafumaneka kumaphepha-ndaba angaphambili. Okufuneka kulungisiwe yindlela abemi boMzantsi Afrika kunye nezi mfundi zoncwadi zikhankanywe ngentla zingathi ziwufumane lo msebenzi waba babhali bangaphambili. UMqhayi waziwa ngokuba yinkcuba- buchopho yolwimi lwesiXhosa kwaye udlale indima enkulu kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ulwimi lwesiXhosa. Njengokuba sele ikhankanyiwe ngentla, umsebenzi wakhe upapashwe kumaphephandaba awohlukeneyo wela xesha wayesaphila kwaye kungelishwa ke ukuba abantu abaninzi abakwazi ukuwufumana loo msebenzi. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe emininzi ke kodwa ayiqokelelwanga. Iingcali ezifana noo-Opland (1983) noSaule (1989) zaye zenza uphando olukhulu zizama ukuzisa olu lwazi eluntwini, kodwa oko akwanelanga. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo imibongo edumileyo ka-S.E.K. Mqhayi sele yapapashwa (Qangule, 1979; Kuse, 1979; Opland, 1983 & 2009; Saule, 1989 & 1996; Ntuli & Swanepoel, 1993). Nangona kunjalo ke isekhona eminye imibongo kaMqhayi engekaveli nenokuthi ibe nenxaxheba kakhulu ekufundeni nasekufundiseni uncwadi lwesiXhosa. Olu phando ke kukuqhubeka apho aba babhali bakhankanyiweyo bayeke khona ukuzisa phambili umsebenzi nelifa elashiywa nguMqhayi kubemi baseMzantsi Afrika. Kungoko ke imibongo engabantu engama-30 kaMqhayi iza kuthi ikhutshelwe isuka kumaphephandaba akudala, iguqulelwe esiNgesini ze ihlahlelwe. Uninzi lwale mibongo ipapashwe kumaphephandaba akudala kwaye zange iphinde ipapashwe kwenye indawo, kungoko ke ingaziwa kakhulu. Ukukhethwa kwale mibongo ingama-30 kuncediswe nguNjingalwazi uJeff Opland, uNjingalwazi odla umhlala-phantsi weYunivesithi yase-London kwiSikolo seZifundo ngezaseAfrika naseMpumalanga (SOAS). Le mibongo isuka kuluhlu lwakhe athe waluqokelela nolubizwa ngokuba yi-Opland Collection of Xhosa Literature oluse- Godalming, e-United Kingdom. Indlela le mibongo eza kuthi ibhalwe ngayo yileyo uMqhayi wayeyibhale ngayo ngexesha lakhe. Le mibongo ihleliwe kwaye oko kubhaliweyo malunga nayo kuquka indlela apho imibongo kaMqhayi ngobomi babantu kuthi kubonise indlela abonga nabonisa ngayo izinto zoPolitiko, zakudala nezasekuhlaleni ezazisenzeka ngela xesha. Indlela ethi konke oku kuthi kuvele kule mibongo kaMqhayi kwaye kuya kuthi kuvezwe kolu phando. Ukuguqulelwa kwale mibongo esiNgesini kuya kuthi kuncede ukuba nabo bangasithethiyo isiXhosa bakwazi ukufumana le mibongo. Indlela esetyenzisiweyo yoguqulo-lwimi yale mibongo yileyo ivumela ukuba umbhalo uguqulelwe ngokufanayo nombhalo-ntsusa kwaye intsingiselo kumbhalo ekuguqulelwa kuwo ingatshintshi. Lo misebenzi ke ngoko uluphando lwemibongo engabantu ekhethiweyo engama30 ebhalwe nguSEK Mqhayi kumaphephandaba kwimiminyaka u1899 - 1944. Umongo wolu phando kukwenza uhlalutyo - nzulu lwemibongo kaMqhayi eyaleka kuphando - lwazi osele lwenziwe njengoko lucaciswa ziingcali ezithe zazamana nengxoxo yoncwadi lomlomo, ngxoxo leyo ethe yachaphazela ngokumandla umongo wezibongo zikaMqhayi njengembongi yokuqala ukuwela ukusuka kuncwadi lomlomo ukuya kuncwadi olubhaliweyo.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017