Environmental policy processes surrounding South Africa's plastic bags regulations : tensions, debates and responses in waste product regulation
- Authors: Nhamo, Godwell
- Date: 2013-06-07
- Subjects: Environmental policy -- South Africa Plastic bags -- Law and legislation -- South Africa Environmental protection -- South Africa Environmental law -- South Africa Waste products -- South Africa Refuse and refuse disposal -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1944 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008051
- Description: This study was conducted in South Africa. South Africa is the first country within the Southern African Development Community to have regulated plastic shopping bags waste through the imposition of both a standard on thickness and a levy. Given this scenario, the Plastic Bags Regulations present an illustrative case for researching complexity, uncertainty and controversies surrounding a new trend in environmental policy making, namely waste product regulation. The thesis focuses on understanding and investigating tensions, debates and responses emerging from the policy process as actors and actor-networks put not only the Plastic Bags Regulations asfocal actant (token) but also other actants and actant-networks as well. To this end, a research question that addressed environmental policies, tensions, debates and responses that informed the development of South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations was spelt out. The research objectives included the need to: (I) analyse selected international environmental policy processes surrounding plastic shopping bags litter and waste regulation and how these influenced developments in South Africa; (2) identify actors, actants and actor/actant-networks that shaped and were being transformed by South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations and explain the tensions, debates and responses arising in the policy processes; (3) identify environmental policy outputs and assess outcomes emerging from the formulation and implementation of South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations; and (4) establish patterns in environmental policy process reforms around South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations. The language of actors (human), actants (non-human) and actor/actant-networks brings to the fore the aspects of processes and relationships that exist around them. As such, insights from the actor/actant-network theory (AANT) were drawn upon to inform the research. AANT enquiry framework collapses binaries such as nature/society, art/science, structure/agency and global/local historically associated with a particular type of social theory. AANT also denies that purely technical, scientific or social relations are possible (the notion of quaSi-objects or token). Data sets were generated following' the Plastic Bags Regulations as token actant with time frames ranging from prior to, during and after the formulation of the regulations. Similarly, data analysis drew insights from AANT's four moments of translation namely problematisation, interessement, enrolment and mobilisation, with the intervention theory providing an evaluative perspective that complemented AANT. The findings were that after the promulgation of the first draft of the Plastic Bags Regulations in May 2000, tensions emerged around the nature of regulation (whether command and control - preferred by government or self regulation - preferred by industry and labour). In this regard the latter group raised concerns about jobs, income and equipment loss as well as the need to have a holistic approach to waste management rather than targeting a single product at a time whilst the former maintained that this would not be so. As such, education, awareness and stringent antilitter penalties were proposed by industry and labour as sustainable responses to the problem of plastic shopping bags waste rather than regulation. These debates continued and resulted in minor amendments to the original regulations as finalised by Government in May 2002. However, industry and labour continued lobbying government resulting in the conclusion of the Plastic Bags Agreement in September 2002 and the ultimate repulsion of the May 2002 regulations in May 2003. As revealed by this research, these responses led to broader social responses and further tensions as demand for plastic shopping bags went down by about 80% although an estimated 1000 jobs were lost and a number of companies lost equipment and business (with some closing down) following the implementation of the regulations. During implementation, debates emerged around the need to promote locally made carry facilities with two alternatives in sight namely: the Green Bag and the Biodegradable Plastic Bag. Debates also took place regarding enforcement of the new law resulting in the amendments of various pieces of legislation including the Environmental Conservation Act, Environmental Management Act and the Revenue Laws Act. Overall, a 15-year policy reform cycle and sub-cycles was determined. The research also established that the government considered the regulations a success and was already implementing simi lar initiatives to regulate other waste products, among them, used tyres, used oil and glass, confirming the trend towards waste product regulation in South Africa. From these research findings, a series of conceptual frameworks were drawn up to clarify the nature of tensions, debates and responses surrounding certain lead actors, actants and actorlactant-networks. Some of the conceptual frameworks that emerged around the actors and actor-networks include Organised Government, Organised Industry and Organised Labour. Conceptual frameworks that emerged around key actants and actant-networks include the Integrated Pollution and Waste Management, Plastic Bags Regulations as well as the discourses surrounding the Green bag and biodegradable plastic bags. The thesis concludes by reflecting on how the above and the grand actor/actant-network conceptual frameworks emerging from this research might be adopted with varying degrees of flexibility to research environmental and waste management policy processes in different waste product regulation set-ups. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nhamo, Godwell
- Date: 2013-06-07
- Subjects: Environmental policy -- South Africa Plastic bags -- Law and legislation -- South Africa Environmental protection -- South Africa Environmental law -- South Africa Waste products -- South Africa Refuse and refuse disposal -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1944 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008051
- Description: This study was conducted in South Africa. South Africa is the first country within the Southern African Development Community to have regulated plastic shopping bags waste through the imposition of both a standard on thickness and a levy. Given this scenario, the Plastic Bags Regulations present an illustrative case for researching complexity, uncertainty and controversies surrounding a new trend in environmental policy making, namely waste product regulation. The thesis focuses on understanding and investigating tensions, debates and responses emerging from the policy process as actors and actor-networks put not only the Plastic Bags Regulations asfocal actant (token) but also other actants and actant-networks as well. To this end, a research question that addressed environmental policies, tensions, debates and responses that informed the development of South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations was spelt out. The research objectives included the need to: (I) analyse selected international environmental policy processes surrounding plastic shopping bags litter and waste regulation and how these influenced developments in South Africa; (2) identify actors, actants and actor/actant-networks that shaped and were being transformed by South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations and explain the tensions, debates and responses arising in the policy processes; (3) identify environmental policy outputs and assess outcomes emerging from the formulation and implementation of South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations; and (4) establish patterns in environmental policy process reforms around South Africa's Plastic Bags Regulations. The language of actors (human), actants (non-human) and actor/actant-networks brings to the fore the aspects of processes and relationships that exist around them. As such, insights from the actor/actant-network theory (AANT) were drawn upon to inform the research. AANT enquiry framework collapses binaries such as nature/society, art/science, structure/agency and global/local historically associated with a particular type of social theory. AANT also denies that purely technical, scientific or social relations are possible (the notion of quaSi-objects or token). Data sets were generated following' the Plastic Bags Regulations as token actant with time frames ranging from prior to, during and after the formulation of the regulations. Similarly, data analysis drew insights from AANT's four moments of translation namely problematisation, interessement, enrolment and mobilisation, with the intervention theory providing an evaluative perspective that complemented AANT. The findings were that after the promulgation of the first draft of the Plastic Bags Regulations in May 2000, tensions emerged around the nature of regulation (whether command and control - preferred by government or self regulation - preferred by industry and labour). In this regard the latter group raised concerns about jobs, income and equipment loss as well as the need to have a holistic approach to waste management rather than targeting a single product at a time whilst the former maintained that this would not be so. As such, education, awareness and stringent antilitter penalties were proposed by industry and labour as sustainable responses to the problem of plastic shopping bags waste rather than regulation. These debates continued and resulted in minor amendments to the original regulations as finalised by Government in May 2002. However, industry and labour continued lobbying government resulting in the conclusion of the Plastic Bags Agreement in September 2002 and the ultimate repulsion of the May 2002 regulations in May 2003. As revealed by this research, these responses led to broader social responses and further tensions as demand for plastic shopping bags went down by about 80% although an estimated 1000 jobs were lost and a number of companies lost equipment and business (with some closing down) following the implementation of the regulations. During implementation, debates emerged around the need to promote locally made carry facilities with two alternatives in sight namely: the Green Bag and the Biodegradable Plastic Bag. Debates also took place regarding enforcement of the new law resulting in the amendments of various pieces of legislation including the Environmental Conservation Act, Environmental Management Act and the Revenue Laws Act. Overall, a 15-year policy reform cycle and sub-cycles was determined. The research also established that the government considered the regulations a success and was already implementing simi lar initiatives to regulate other waste products, among them, used tyres, used oil and glass, confirming the trend towards waste product regulation in South Africa. From these research findings, a series of conceptual frameworks were drawn up to clarify the nature of tensions, debates and responses surrounding certain lead actors, actants and actorlactant-networks. Some of the conceptual frameworks that emerged around the actors and actor-networks include Organised Government, Organised Industry and Organised Labour. Conceptual frameworks that emerged around key actants and actant-networks include the Integrated Pollution and Waste Management, Plastic Bags Regulations as well as the discourses surrounding the Green bag and biodegradable plastic bags. The thesis concludes by reflecting on how the above and the grand actor/actant-network conceptual frameworks emerging from this research might be adopted with varying degrees of flexibility to research environmental and waste management policy processes in different waste product regulation set-ups. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
The current role of modern portfolio theory in asset management practice in South Africa
- Authors: Garaba, Masimba
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Portfolio management -- South Africa , Investments -- South Africa , Bank investments -- Mathematical models , Capital assets pricing model , Asset -- Liability management , Money market -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:965 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002699 , Portfolio management -- South Africa , Investments -- South Africa , Bank investments -- Mathematical models , Capital assets pricing model , Asset -- Liability management , Money market -- South Africa
- Description: This research examines the role that modern portfolio theory (MPT) plays in current South Africa asset management practice in comparison to other portfolio management techniques and security evaluation methods. The purpose of asset management is to pool complementary financial market expertise, in order to generate returns in excess of the market return on the investments of the owners of financial resources that are entrusted to the firm, since the owners of financial resources might not be able to make superior investment decisions on their own. The research presents and discusses the literature pertaining to modern portfolio theory, traditional portfolio theory (fundamental and technical analyses), and behavioural finance theory. The implication of the efficient market hypothesis in relation to all the portfolio management theories is also presented and discussed. In line with a positivist paradigm, the survey research methodology, which combines both qualitative and quantitative aspects, was adopted. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire, which was found to be reliable and valid for this research. The questionnaire encompassed the Lickert scale to measure the data. The results of the analysis were interpreted using descriptive statistics. The results of this research suggest that modern portfolio theory does not play a significant role in the management of portfolios and security evaluation in South Africa. South African asset managers regard fundamental analysis as the most significant method of security evaluation in the management of portfolios. Technical analysis and econometric models are regarded as playing a moderate role and complement fundamental analysis whilst behavioural finance models play the least role. This research recommends an integrated portfolio management strategy that incorporates MPT, traditional portfolio theory and behavioural finance models to enhance investor value and protection.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Garaba, Masimba
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Portfolio management -- South Africa , Investments -- South Africa , Bank investments -- Mathematical models , Capital assets pricing model , Asset -- Liability management , Money market -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:965 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002699 , Portfolio management -- South Africa , Investments -- South Africa , Bank investments -- Mathematical models , Capital assets pricing model , Asset -- Liability management , Money market -- South Africa
- Description: This research examines the role that modern portfolio theory (MPT) plays in current South Africa asset management practice in comparison to other portfolio management techniques and security evaluation methods. The purpose of asset management is to pool complementary financial market expertise, in order to generate returns in excess of the market return on the investments of the owners of financial resources that are entrusted to the firm, since the owners of financial resources might not be able to make superior investment decisions on their own. The research presents and discusses the literature pertaining to modern portfolio theory, traditional portfolio theory (fundamental and technical analyses), and behavioural finance theory. The implication of the efficient market hypothesis in relation to all the portfolio management theories is also presented and discussed. In line with a positivist paradigm, the survey research methodology, which combines both qualitative and quantitative aspects, was adopted. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire, which was found to be reliable and valid for this research. The questionnaire encompassed the Lickert scale to measure the data. The results of the analysis were interpreted using descriptive statistics. The results of this research suggest that modern portfolio theory does not play a significant role in the management of portfolios and security evaluation in South Africa. South African asset managers regard fundamental analysis as the most significant method of security evaluation in the management of portfolios. Technical analysis and econometric models are regarded as playing a moderate role and complement fundamental analysis whilst behavioural finance models play the least role. This research recommends an integrated portfolio management strategy that incorporates MPT, traditional portfolio theory and behavioural finance models to enhance investor value and protection.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Photophysical and photochemical studies of non-transition metal phthalocyanine derivatives
- Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Photochemotherapy Phthalocyanines Spectrum analysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007721
- Description: A detailed photophysicochemical study of some non-transition metal (AI, Zn, Si, Ge, and Sn) metallophthalocyanine (MPc) derivatives is presented. The effects of substituents, central metal ions and solvents on the photophysical and photochemical properties are investigated and rationalized accordingly. The presence of peripheral substituents on the macrocycle enhances the yield of the triplet state. Near infra-red absorptions of the solvents reveal that solvents which absorb around 1100 nm and around 1270 nm, quench the triplet state of the MPc derivative and singlet oxygen, respectively. Although water has a high singlet oxygen quenching effect, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) value for sulphonated zinc phthalocyanine in water is still reasonably high at 0.48, which may provide an explanation for the efficient photosensitization by this molecule in photodynamic studies. The lowering of Φ∆ following protonation of the MPc macrocycle is attributed to the lowering of triplet energy to the level where energy transfer to ground state oxygen is no longer favourable. MPc inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins showed larger Φ∆ values when compared to the complexes before inclusion. Job's plots show that 2:1 and 4:1 (CD:MPc) complexes may be formed. Fluorescence quenching by electron donors and acceptors were analysed by StemVolmer relationship and the results used in determining fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes. Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the interaction of sulphonated MPcs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are provided in this thesis. 1:1 adducts were formed with BSA, but the binding feasibilities varied markedly. Spectral, photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes are altered in the presence of BSA.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Ogunsipe, Abimbola Olukayode
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Photochemotherapy Phthalocyanines Spectrum analysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4445 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007721
- Description: A detailed photophysicochemical study of some non-transition metal (AI, Zn, Si, Ge, and Sn) metallophthalocyanine (MPc) derivatives is presented. The effects of substituents, central metal ions and solvents on the photophysical and photochemical properties are investigated and rationalized accordingly. The presence of peripheral substituents on the macrocycle enhances the yield of the triplet state. Near infra-red absorptions of the solvents reveal that solvents which absorb around 1100 nm and around 1270 nm, quench the triplet state of the MPc derivative and singlet oxygen, respectively. Although water has a high singlet oxygen quenching effect, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ∆) value for sulphonated zinc phthalocyanine in water is still reasonably high at 0.48, which may provide an explanation for the efficient photosensitization by this molecule in photodynamic studies. The lowering of Φ∆ following protonation of the MPc macrocycle is attributed to the lowering of triplet energy to the level where energy transfer to ground state oxygen is no longer favourable. MPc inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins showed larger Φ∆ values when compared to the complexes before inclusion. Job's plots show that 2:1 and 4:1 (CD:MPc) complexes may be formed. Fluorescence quenching by electron donors and acceptors were analysed by StemVolmer relationship and the results used in determining fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes. Qualitative and quantitative interpretations of the interaction of sulphonated MPcs with bovine serum albumin (BSA) are provided in this thesis. 1:1 adducts were formed with BSA, but the binding feasibilities varied markedly. Spectral, photophysical and photochemical properties of the complexes are altered in the presence of BSA.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Recognition and development of the Irish Draught horse
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Book chapter
- Identifier: vital:6728 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007163
- Description: The number of horses in Ireland had shown remarkable consistency from 1861 until just before 1951. Between the end of the Second World War and 1951 there was a rapid decrease in the number of working horses, and the rate of the decrease accelerated during the decade of the 1950s and the early 1960s. Throughout the 1960s popular emphasis was placed on mechanisation, as if there were no role for the horse as a working animal. Even the production of pleasure horses seems to have been initially regarded as of little value. The 1970s were a sad period for both light and heavy draught horses in County Cork, as in the rest of Ireland. With increased mechanisation, the market for heavy draught animals which had previously dominated transport in the city of Cork, came to an end. There was a great danger that the Irish Draught would soon become extinct, so the formation of the Irish Draught Horse Society in 1976 was of great importance for the development of the Irish Draught as a breed. In 1982 this society published the "Breed Standard and Guideline", the first time that an official standard had been published for an Irish Draught. Despite various schemes during the 1980s and 1990s designed to increase the number and improve the quality of the Irish Draught horse population, it is, at the beginning of the 21st Century, one of the world's endangered breeds.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: Book chapter
- Identifier: vital:6728 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007163
- Description: The number of horses in Ireland had shown remarkable consistency from 1861 until just before 1951. Between the end of the Second World War and 1951 there was a rapid decrease in the number of working horses, and the rate of the decrease accelerated during the decade of the 1950s and the early 1960s. Throughout the 1960s popular emphasis was placed on mechanisation, as if there were no role for the horse as a working animal. Even the production of pleasure horses seems to have been initially regarded as of little value. The 1970s were a sad period for both light and heavy draught horses in County Cork, as in the rest of Ireland. With increased mechanisation, the market for heavy draught animals which had previously dominated transport in the city of Cork, came to an end. There was a great danger that the Irish Draught would soon become extinct, so the formation of the Irish Draught Horse Society in 1976 was of great importance for the development of the Irish Draught as a breed. In 1982 this society published the "Breed Standard and Guideline", the first time that an official standard had been published for an Irish Draught. Despite various schemes during the 1980s and 1990s designed to increase the number and improve the quality of the Irish Draught horse population, it is, at the beginning of the 21st Century, one of the world's endangered breeds.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005
An exploration of constructions of masculinity : a narrative study of young Zulu men's stories of 'being a man'
- Authors: Maxwell, Justin Kennedy
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Masculinity -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Men -- South Africa -- Psychology , Discourse analysis, Narrative -- Psychological aspects , Zulu (African people) -- Social life and customs , Men -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3251 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015763
- Description: Previously understood as a fixed and universal set of behaviours social constructionists are now arguing that masculinity is contextual and fluid, reflecting a multiplicity of different understandings. Within any 'cultural environment' the discourse of masculinity, culturally and historically bound, expresses attitudes and behaviours that shape the understanding of what it means to be a man. Adopting a narrative approach and analysis this research explores the stories of six Zulu men in seeking to elicit the aspects of their masculinity and show how these men negotiate an identity 'position' from the social narratives available to them. It was found that while the ideal Adult (responsible) man contrasts with the Young man's ('isoka' ) position there is a consistently hegemonic and patriarchal notion of masculinity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Maxwell, Justin Kennedy
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Masculinity -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Men -- South Africa -- Psychology , Discourse analysis, Narrative -- Psychological aspects , Zulu (African people) -- Social life and customs , Men -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3251 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015763
- Description: Previously understood as a fixed and universal set of behaviours social constructionists are now arguing that masculinity is contextual and fluid, reflecting a multiplicity of different understandings. Within any 'cultural environment' the discourse of masculinity, culturally and historically bound, expresses attitudes and behaviours that shape the understanding of what it means to be a man. Adopting a narrative approach and analysis this research explores the stories of six Zulu men in seeking to elicit the aspects of their masculinity and show how these men negotiate an identity 'position' from the social narratives available to them. It was found that while the ideal Adult (responsible) man contrasts with the Young man's ('isoka' ) position there is a consistently hegemonic and patriarchal notion of masculinity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Fishing rights, redistribution and policy : the South African commercial T.A.C. fisheries
- Authors: Mather, Diarmid John
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Fisheries -- South Africa Fish trade -- South Africa Fishery law and legislation -- South Africa Fishery policy -- South Africa Fishery management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1061 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007531
- Description: The main objective of this thesis is to provide an analysis of the economic logic behind fisheries policy and redistribution in South African. An examination of the institutional and organizational evolution reveals that South African fisheries policy followed the world trend in the movement toward quota management systems. However, it is argued that due to the peculiarities of the Apartheid political system, South Africa developed a unique and persistent structure of individual fishing rights that resulted in a transfer of power from the fisher to monopsonistic, and subsequently vertically integrated, fish processing companies. Problems, however, arose with the need to redistribute fishing rights to previously repressed racial groups. It is proposed that, within a specific form (TAC), the structure of individual fishing rights can be decomposed into four operational rules, namely, the right of participation, asset size, tradability and duration of term. Policy design is restricted to a feasible set of rules that impact on the flexibility of the system, the incentives facing private fishing companies and fishers, the efficiency of the fisheries management plan and finally the effect it has on a redistribution strategy. Within this analytical framework, South Africa's policy yields a very flexible system favourable to monopsonistic industrial organisation. However, by adding a redistribution constraint, this structure has a number of important effects. First, as new quota holders are added the information costs for effective fisheries management increase exponentially. Second, the transaction costs to private fishing companies are increased. Third, only the resource rent is redistributed (weak redistribution). Next, the micro to small vessel fisheries, the medium vessel fisheries and the large vessel fisheries are examined separately. The major aim is to determine, within the available data, the effect that a weak redistribution policy (redistribution of the resource rent), has on strong redistribution (redistribution of fishing capital and skills). The evidence definitely supports the analytical framework and suggests that fundamentally the structure of individual fishing rights, which evolved in response to a monopsonistic industrial organisation during the apartheid era in South Africa, works against strong redistribution. Also, that different fisheries face different constraints and that these should in certain instances be treated separately.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Mather, Diarmid John
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Fisheries -- South Africa Fish trade -- South Africa Fishery law and legislation -- South Africa Fishery policy -- South Africa Fishery management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1061 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007531
- Description: The main objective of this thesis is to provide an analysis of the economic logic behind fisheries policy and redistribution in South African. An examination of the institutional and organizational evolution reveals that South African fisheries policy followed the world trend in the movement toward quota management systems. However, it is argued that due to the peculiarities of the Apartheid political system, South Africa developed a unique and persistent structure of individual fishing rights that resulted in a transfer of power from the fisher to monopsonistic, and subsequently vertically integrated, fish processing companies. Problems, however, arose with the need to redistribute fishing rights to previously repressed racial groups. It is proposed that, within a specific form (TAC), the structure of individual fishing rights can be decomposed into four operational rules, namely, the right of participation, asset size, tradability and duration of term. Policy design is restricted to a feasible set of rules that impact on the flexibility of the system, the incentives facing private fishing companies and fishers, the efficiency of the fisheries management plan and finally the effect it has on a redistribution strategy. Within this analytical framework, South Africa's policy yields a very flexible system favourable to monopsonistic industrial organisation. However, by adding a redistribution constraint, this structure has a number of important effects. First, as new quota holders are added the information costs for effective fisheries management increase exponentially. Second, the transaction costs to private fishing companies are increased. Third, only the resource rent is redistributed (weak redistribution). Next, the micro to small vessel fisheries, the medium vessel fisheries and the large vessel fisheries are examined separately. The major aim is to determine, within the available data, the effect that a weak redistribution policy (redistribution of the resource rent), has on strong redistribution (redistribution of fishing capital and skills). The evidence definitely supports the analytical framework and suggests that fundamentally the structure of individual fishing rights, which evolved in response to a monopsonistic industrial organisation during the apartheid era in South Africa, works against strong redistribution. Also, that different fisheries face different constraints and that these should in certain instances be treated separately.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
International relations and change: a Kuhnian interpretation
- Authors: Schoeman, Jacobus
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Kuhn, Thomas S Kuhn, Thomas S -- Criticism and interpretation International relations International relations -- Philosophy Knowledge, Theory of
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2830 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003040
- Description: Using notions of change developed by Thomas Kuhn, the thesis argues that the rise of globalisation and the end of the Cold War presented the Westphalian or state-centric paradigm of international relations with a Kuhnian paradigm “crisis”. As a result, both the theory and the practice of international relations are in the midst of (what Kuhn calls) a “paradigm shift”. Emerging from this shift is (what is described in this work as) “Access World” and “Denial World” – a particular global configuration of the practice of international relations. Kuhn’s idea of “incommensurability” seems to typify the relationship between the two components of this bifurcated configuration of the international. Both intellectual risk-taking and political courage are required if the ontological struggle raging between “Access World” and “Denial World” is to be settled. This will pave the way for a new paradigm to emerge. Kuhn provides us with the insight that, to achieve this ontological breakthrough, a fundamental change in our vision of the discipline of International Relations, but also of the world of everyday international relations, is required. This entails recasting the study of International Relations as an emancipatory project and by recognising the centrality of human beings in the practice of international relations. Only if this is done, will we be able to arrive at a cosmopolitan political bargain that is appropriate for the 21st century.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Schoeman, Jacobus
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Kuhn, Thomas S Kuhn, Thomas S -- Criticism and interpretation International relations International relations -- Philosophy Knowledge, Theory of
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2830 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003040
- Description: Using notions of change developed by Thomas Kuhn, the thesis argues that the rise of globalisation and the end of the Cold War presented the Westphalian or state-centric paradigm of international relations with a Kuhnian paradigm “crisis”. As a result, both the theory and the practice of international relations are in the midst of (what Kuhn calls) a “paradigm shift”. Emerging from this shift is (what is described in this work as) “Access World” and “Denial World” – a particular global configuration of the practice of international relations. Kuhn’s idea of “incommensurability” seems to typify the relationship between the two components of this bifurcated configuration of the international. Both intellectual risk-taking and political courage are required if the ontological struggle raging between “Access World” and “Denial World” is to be settled. This will pave the way for a new paradigm to emerge. Kuhn provides us with the insight that, to achieve this ontological breakthrough, a fundamental change in our vision of the discipline of International Relations, but also of the world of everyday international relations, is required. This entails recasting the study of International Relations as an emancipatory project and by recognising the centrality of human beings in the practice of international relations. Only if this is done, will we be able to arrive at a cosmopolitan political bargain that is appropriate for the 21st century.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
The economic impact of Rhodes University students on the Grahamstown economy
- Snowball, Jeanette D, Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67475 , vital:29099
- Description: Publisher version , From Executive Summary: This study compares the spending patterns and economic impact of three groups of Rhodes University students: South Africans (SA), Other Africans and students from the Rest of the World (RoW). Data was collected via self-completion questionnaires and the final sample size was 163. Despite differences in spending patterns, total spending was found to be remarkably similar across groups, the major differences being between those students in university residence and those in digs (rented accommodation in town). Total monthly spending for those in residence was highest for SA students (R1034), then Other Africans (R850) and finally RoW (R777). For those in digs, total monthly spending was very similar, but again highest for SA students (R2495), then RoW (R2480) and then students from Other African countries (R2461). SA students have a considerably lower average unearned income than other groups, with students from the RoW having the highest unearned income (R1060 for those in residence and R2300 for those in digs). However, 55% of SA students, compared to 47% of foreign students, have sources of earned income, usually related to the university. Monthly income also tended to be higher for SA students (R654) than for other groups (Other Africa = R557; RoW = R575). The general conclusion that can be drawn is that there is very little difference in total spending between groups, although SA students have a somewhat higher average than others. A straight line ordinary least squares regression showed that, holding all else constant, SA students spent on average R169 more per month than foreign students (significant at the 10% level).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67475 , vital:29099
- Description: Publisher version , From Executive Summary: This study compares the spending patterns and economic impact of three groups of Rhodes University students: South Africans (SA), Other Africans and students from the Rest of the World (RoW). Data was collected via self-completion questionnaires and the final sample size was 163. Despite differences in spending patterns, total spending was found to be remarkably similar across groups, the major differences being between those students in university residence and those in digs (rented accommodation in town). Total monthly spending for those in residence was highest for SA students (R1034), then Other Africans (R850) and finally RoW (R777). For those in digs, total monthly spending was very similar, but again highest for SA students (R2495), then RoW (R2480) and then students from Other African countries (R2461). SA students have a considerably lower average unearned income than other groups, with students from the RoW having the highest unearned income (R1060 for those in residence and R2300 for those in digs). However, 55% of SA students, compared to 47% of foreign students, have sources of earned income, usually related to the university. Monthly income also tended to be higher for SA students (R654) than for other groups (Other Africa = R557; RoW = R575). The general conclusion that can be drawn is that there is very little difference in total spending between groups, although SA students have a somewhat higher average than others. A straight line ordinary least squares regression showed that, holding all else constant, SA students spent on average R169 more per month than foreign students (significant at the 10% level).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Access to land as a human right the payment of just and equitable compensation for dispossessed land in South Africa
- Authors: Yanou, Michael A
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Human rights -- South Africa , Compensation (Law) -- South Africa , Right of property -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Land tenure -- South Africa , Constitutional history -- South Africa , Restitution -- South Africa , Land tenure -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Land reform -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3699 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003214 , Human rights -- South Africa , Compensation (Law) -- South Africa , Right of property -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Land tenure -- South Africa , Constitutional history -- South Africa , Restitution -- South Africa , Land tenure -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Land reform -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: This thesis deals with the conceptualization of access to land by the dispossessed as a human right and commences with an account of the struggle for land between the peoples of African and European extractions in South Africa. It is observed that the latter assumed sovereignty over the ancestral lands of the former. The thesis discusses the theoretical foundation of the study and situates the topic within its conceptual parameters. The writer examines the notions of justice and equity in the context of the post apartheid constitutional mandate to redress the skewed policy of the past. It is argued that the dispossession of Africans from lands that they had possessed for thousands of years on the assumption that the land was terra nullius was profoundly iniquitous and unjust. Although the study is technically limited to dispossessions occurring on or after the 13th June 1913, it covers a fairly extensive account of dispossession predating this date. This historical analysis is imperative for two reasons. Besides supporting the writer’s contention that the limitation of restitution to land dispossessed on or after 1913 was arbitrary, it also highlights both the material and non-material cost of the devastating wars of dispossessions. The candidate comments extensively on the post apartheid constitutional property structure which was conceived as a redress to the imbalance created by dispossession. This underlying objective explains why the state’s present land policy is geared towards facilitating access to land for the landless. The thesis investigates the extent to which the present property structure which defines access to land as a human right has succeeded in achieving the stated objective. It reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the land restitution process as well as the question of the payment of just and equitable compensation for land expropriated for restitution. The latter was carefully examined because it plays a crucial role in the success or otherwise of the restitution scheme. The writer argues that the courts have, on occasions, construed just and equitable compensation generously. This approach has failed to reflect the moral component inherent in the Aristotelian corrective justice. This, in the context of South Africa, requires compensation to reflect the fact that what is being paid for is land dispossessed from the forebears of indigenous inhabitants. It seems obvious that the scales of justice are tilted heavily in favour of the propertied class whose ancestors were responsible for this dispossession. This has a ripple effect on the pace of the restitution process. It also seems to have the effect of favouring the property class at the expense of the entire restitution process. The candidate also comments on the court’s differing approaches to the interpretation of the constitutional property clause. The candidate contends that the construction of the property clause and related pieces of legislation in a manner that stresses the maintenance of a balance between private property interest and land reform is flawed. This contention is supported by the fact that these values do not have proportional worth in the present property context of South Africa. The narrow definition of “past racially discriminatory law and practices” and labour tenant as used in the relevant post apartheid land reform laws is criticized for the same reason of its uncontextual approach. A comparative appraisal of similar developments relating to property law in other societies like India and Zimbabwe has been done. The writer has treated the post reform land evictions as a form of dispossession. The candidate notes that the country should guard against allowing the disastrous developments in Zimbabwe to influence events in the country and calls for an amendment of the property clause of the constitution in response to the practical difficulties which a decade of the operation of the current constitution has revealed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Yanou, Michael A
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Human rights -- South Africa , Compensation (Law) -- South Africa , Right of property -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Land tenure -- South Africa , Constitutional history -- South Africa , Restitution -- South Africa , Land tenure -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Land reform -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3699 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003214 , Human rights -- South Africa , Compensation (Law) -- South Africa , Right of property -- South Africa , Land reform -- South Africa , Land tenure -- South Africa , Constitutional history -- South Africa , Restitution -- South Africa , Land tenure -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Land reform -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: This thesis deals with the conceptualization of access to land by the dispossessed as a human right and commences with an account of the struggle for land between the peoples of African and European extractions in South Africa. It is observed that the latter assumed sovereignty over the ancestral lands of the former. The thesis discusses the theoretical foundation of the study and situates the topic within its conceptual parameters. The writer examines the notions of justice and equity in the context of the post apartheid constitutional mandate to redress the skewed policy of the past. It is argued that the dispossession of Africans from lands that they had possessed for thousands of years on the assumption that the land was terra nullius was profoundly iniquitous and unjust. Although the study is technically limited to dispossessions occurring on or after the 13th June 1913, it covers a fairly extensive account of dispossession predating this date. This historical analysis is imperative for two reasons. Besides supporting the writer’s contention that the limitation of restitution to land dispossessed on or after 1913 was arbitrary, it also highlights both the material and non-material cost of the devastating wars of dispossessions. The candidate comments extensively on the post apartheid constitutional property structure which was conceived as a redress to the imbalance created by dispossession. This underlying objective explains why the state’s present land policy is geared towards facilitating access to land for the landless. The thesis investigates the extent to which the present property structure which defines access to land as a human right has succeeded in achieving the stated objective. It reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the land restitution process as well as the question of the payment of just and equitable compensation for land expropriated for restitution. The latter was carefully examined because it plays a crucial role in the success or otherwise of the restitution scheme. The writer argues that the courts have, on occasions, construed just and equitable compensation generously. This approach has failed to reflect the moral component inherent in the Aristotelian corrective justice. This, in the context of South Africa, requires compensation to reflect the fact that what is being paid for is land dispossessed from the forebears of indigenous inhabitants. It seems obvious that the scales of justice are tilted heavily in favour of the propertied class whose ancestors were responsible for this dispossession. This has a ripple effect on the pace of the restitution process. It also seems to have the effect of favouring the property class at the expense of the entire restitution process. The candidate also comments on the court’s differing approaches to the interpretation of the constitutional property clause. The candidate contends that the construction of the property clause and related pieces of legislation in a manner that stresses the maintenance of a balance between private property interest and land reform is flawed. This contention is supported by the fact that these values do not have proportional worth in the present property context of South Africa. The narrow definition of “past racially discriminatory law and practices” and labour tenant as used in the relevant post apartheid land reform laws is criticized for the same reason of its uncontextual approach. A comparative appraisal of similar developments relating to property law in other societies like India and Zimbabwe has been done. The writer has treated the post reform land evictions as a form of dispossession. The candidate notes that the country should guard against allowing the disastrous developments in Zimbabwe to influence events in the country and calls for an amendment of the property clause of the constitution in response to the practical difficulties which a decade of the operation of the current constitution has revealed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Identification of cis-elements and transacting factors involved in the abiotic stress responses of plants
- Authors: Maclear, Athlee
- Date: 2005 , 2013-06-10
- Subjects: Plants -- Effect of stress on , Proteins -- Analysis , Bioinformatics , DNA , Plant genetics
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4074 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007236 , Plants -- Effect of stress on , Proteins -- Analysis , Bioinformatics , DNA , Plant genetics
- Description: Many stress situations limit plant growth, resulting in crop production difficulties. Population growth, limited availability and over-utilization of arable land, and intolerant crop species have resulted in tremendous strain being placed on agriculturalists to produce enough to sustain the world's population. An understanding of the principles involved in plant resistance to environmental stress will enable scientists to harness these mechanisms to create stress-tolerant crop species, thus increasing crop production, and enabling the farming of previously unproductive land. This research project uses computational and bioinformatics techniques to explore the promoter regions of genes, encoding proteins that are up- or down-regulated in response to specific abiotic stresses, with the aim of identifying common patterns in the cis-elements governing the regulation of these abiotic stress responsive genes. An initial dataset of fifty known genes encoding for proteins reported to be up- or down-regulated in response to plant stresses that result in water-deficit at the cellular level viz. drought, low temperature, and salinity, were identified, and a postgreSQL database created to store relevant information pertaining to these genes and the proteins encoded by them. The genomic DNA was obtained where possible, and the promoter and intron regions identified. The Neural Network Promoter Prediction (NNPP) software package was used to predict the transcription start signal (TSS) and the promoter searching software tool, TESS (Transcription Element Search Software) used to identify known and user-defined cis-elements within the promoter regions of these genes. Currently available promoter prediction software analysis tools are reported to predict one promoter per kilobase of DNA, whilst functional promoters are thought to only occur one in 30-40 kilobases, which indicates that a large perccntage of predictions are likely to be false positives (pedersen et. al., 1999). NNPP was chosen as it was rated as the highest performing promoter prediction software tool by Fickett and Hatzigeorgiou (1997) in a thorough review of eukaryotic promoter prediction algorithms, however results were less than promising as very few predicted TSS were identified in the area 50 bps up- and downstream of the gene start site, where biologically functional TSSs are known to occur (Reese, 2000; Fickett and Hatzigeorgiou, 1997). TESS results seemed to support the hypothesis that drought, low-temperature and high salinity plant stress response proteins have similar as-elements in their promoter regions, and suggested links to various other gene regulation mechanisms viz. gibberellin-, light-, auxin- and development-regulated gene expression, highlighting the vast complexity of plant stress response processes. Although far from conclusive, results provide a valuable basis for future comparative promoter studies that will attempt to deduce possible common transcriptional initiation of abiotic stress response genes. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Maclear, Athlee
- Date: 2005 , 2013-06-10
- Subjects: Plants -- Effect of stress on , Proteins -- Analysis , Bioinformatics , DNA , Plant genetics
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4074 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007236 , Plants -- Effect of stress on , Proteins -- Analysis , Bioinformatics , DNA , Plant genetics
- Description: Many stress situations limit plant growth, resulting in crop production difficulties. Population growth, limited availability and over-utilization of arable land, and intolerant crop species have resulted in tremendous strain being placed on agriculturalists to produce enough to sustain the world's population. An understanding of the principles involved in plant resistance to environmental stress will enable scientists to harness these mechanisms to create stress-tolerant crop species, thus increasing crop production, and enabling the farming of previously unproductive land. This research project uses computational and bioinformatics techniques to explore the promoter regions of genes, encoding proteins that are up- or down-regulated in response to specific abiotic stresses, with the aim of identifying common patterns in the cis-elements governing the regulation of these abiotic stress responsive genes. An initial dataset of fifty known genes encoding for proteins reported to be up- or down-regulated in response to plant stresses that result in water-deficit at the cellular level viz. drought, low temperature, and salinity, were identified, and a postgreSQL database created to store relevant information pertaining to these genes and the proteins encoded by them. The genomic DNA was obtained where possible, and the promoter and intron regions identified. The Neural Network Promoter Prediction (NNPP) software package was used to predict the transcription start signal (TSS) and the promoter searching software tool, TESS (Transcription Element Search Software) used to identify known and user-defined cis-elements within the promoter regions of these genes. Currently available promoter prediction software analysis tools are reported to predict one promoter per kilobase of DNA, whilst functional promoters are thought to only occur one in 30-40 kilobases, which indicates that a large perccntage of predictions are likely to be false positives (pedersen et. al., 1999). NNPP was chosen as it was rated as the highest performing promoter prediction software tool by Fickett and Hatzigeorgiou (1997) in a thorough review of eukaryotic promoter prediction algorithms, however results were less than promising as very few predicted TSS were identified in the area 50 bps up- and downstream of the gene start site, where biologically functional TSSs are known to occur (Reese, 2000; Fickett and Hatzigeorgiou, 1997). TESS results seemed to support the hypothesis that drought, low-temperature and high salinity plant stress response proteins have similar as-elements in their promoter regions, and suggested links to various other gene regulation mechanisms viz. gibberellin-, light-, auxin- and development-regulated gene expression, highlighting the vast complexity of plant stress response processes. Although far from conclusive, results provide a valuable basis for future comparative promoter studies that will attempt to deduce possible common transcriptional initiation of abiotic stress response genes. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Attaining a better society: critical reflections on what it means to be 'developed'
- Authors: Matthews, Sally
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142509 , vital:38086 , DOI: 10.3167/004058105780929228
- Description: It is clear from these and other definitions that development, no matter how it is conceived, involves change. However, it is also clear that not all change constitutes development. A particular change could be part of a process of development, but could also be part of several other processes, such as those of alteration, modification, deformation, adaptation, regression, degradation and the like. Thus it is necessary to differentiate between changes that can be said to be part of a process of development, and those that cannot. In an attempt to make such a distinction and in line with the above-mentioned definitions of development one could say that changes that are part of development are changes that bring about increased likeness to some more advanced or better state of being. A six-year-old child who, after years of talking, becomes mute is regressing rather than developing; and a child whose behaviour changes such that she begins to act like a dog would be considered to be in some kind of disordered state. However, when a child’s behaviour undergoes changes that lead to increased similarity to some conception of adult behaviour, then that child can be said to be developing. When assessing whether changes in a child’s behaviour constitute development, or some other kind of process, one has to have in mind some conception of what the child ought to be becoming.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Matthews, Sally
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/142509 , vital:38086 , DOI: 10.3167/004058105780929228
- Description: It is clear from these and other definitions that development, no matter how it is conceived, involves change. However, it is also clear that not all change constitutes development. A particular change could be part of a process of development, but could also be part of several other processes, such as those of alteration, modification, deformation, adaptation, regression, degradation and the like. Thus it is necessary to differentiate between changes that can be said to be part of a process of development, and those that cannot. In an attempt to make such a distinction and in line with the above-mentioned definitions of development one could say that changes that are part of development are changes that bring about increased likeness to some more advanced or better state of being. A six-year-old child who, after years of talking, becomes mute is regressing rather than developing; and a child whose behaviour changes such that she begins to act like a dog would be considered to be in some kind of disordered state. However, when a child’s behaviour undergoes changes that lead to increased similarity to some conception of adult behaviour, then that child can be said to be developing. When assessing whether changes in a child’s behaviour constitute development, or some other kind of process, one has to have in mind some conception of what the child ought to be becoming.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Understanding editorial independence and public accountability issues in public broadcasting service: a study of the editorial policies at the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
- Authors: Jjuuko, Denis Charles
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: South African Broadcasting Corporation , South African Broadcasting Corporation -- Law and legislation , Broadcasting -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Mass media -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Broadcasting policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3437 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002891 , South African Broadcasting Corporation , South African Broadcasting Corporation -- Law and legislation , Broadcasting -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Mass media -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Broadcasting policy -- South Africa
- Description: The concepts of editorial independence and public accountability are necessary in public broadcasting service as they help make a distinction between a public service broadcaster, a government and a commercial service broadcaster. This is because public service broadcasters are tasked with the responsibility of serving the interests of the general public. To do this, the above mentioned concepts have to be in place. This study examines these issues (editorial independence and public accountability) with reference to a case study of the editorial policies of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). Using public broadcasting theory, policy theory and qualitative research methods, the study examines the genesis of these editorial policies in 2003/2004 and how they provide the SABC with a means of balancing the tensions of editorial independence and public accountability. In analysing the SABC’s editorial policies, the study deals only with those policies whose principles are directly related to editorial independence and public accountability. Although some of these policies are found to be in line with public broadcasting service trends, others are found lacking. Various recommendations are made. The case study demonstrates the importance of an integrated and elaborated policy perspective in setting out how a public service broadcaster can manage editorial independence and public accountability. It also highlights the importance of using international ‘role models’ in ways that are appropriately adapted for the specific country concerned.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Jjuuko, Denis Charles
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: South African Broadcasting Corporation , South African Broadcasting Corporation -- Law and legislation , Broadcasting -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Mass media -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Broadcasting policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3437 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002891 , South African Broadcasting Corporation , South African Broadcasting Corporation -- Law and legislation , Broadcasting -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Mass media -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Broadcasting policy -- South Africa
- Description: The concepts of editorial independence and public accountability are necessary in public broadcasting service as they help make a distinction between a public service broadcaster, a government and a commercial service broadcaster. This is because public service broadcasters are tasked with the responsibility of serving the interests of the general public. To do this, the above mentioned concepts have to be in place. This study examines these issues (editorial independence and public accountability) with reference to a case study of the editorial policies of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC). Using public broadcasting theory, policy theory and qualitative research methods, the study examines the genesis of these editorial policies in 2003/2004 and how they provide the SABC with a means of balancing the tensions of editorial independence and public accountability. In analysing the SABC’s editorial policies, the study deals only with those policies whose principles are directly related to editorial independence and public accountability. Although some of these policies are found to be in line with public broadcasting service trends, others are found lacking. Various recommendations are made. The case study demonstrates the importance of an integrated and elaborated policy perspective in setting out how a public service broadcaster can manage editorial independence and public accountability. It also highlights the importance of using international ‘role models’ in ways that are appropriately adapted for the specific country concerned.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Rhodes University Graduation Ceremony 2005
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8142 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007257
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 31 March 2005 at 18.00 [and] Friday, 1 April 2005 at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 2 April 2005 at 10:30 , RU East London Graduation Ceremony Christian Centre, Wyse Street, East London Friday, 4 May 2005 at 18:00
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8142 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007257
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 31 March 2005 at 18.00 [and] Friday, 1 April 2005 at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 2 April 2005 at 10:30 , RU East London Graduation Ceremony Christian Centre, Wyse Street, East London Friday, 4 May 2005 at 18:00
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Towards an economic valuation of biodiversity: freshwater ecosystems
- Antrobus, Geoffrey G, Law, Matt
- Authors: Antrobus, Geoffrey G , Law, Matt
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143013 , vital:38185 , http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.620.4217andrep=rep1andtype=pdf
- Description: The valuation of environmental resources and biodiversity as a whole has become an increasingly necessary topic of research as our understanding of the importance and benefits of the healthy functioning of the environment develops. A major shortcoming of current research is that there has been very little advance in the valuation of freshwater biodiversity. The paper examines the socioeconomic importance of biodiversity and outlines the fundamentals of economic valuation thereof. The difficulties associated with the valuation of freshwater ecosystems are outlined and the results of a study presented to the South African Water Research Commission incorporating resource economics into freshwater quality objectives is described. The valuation of freshwater biodiversity is an important and complicated task that needs close attention in future research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Antrobus, Geoffrey G , Law, Matt
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143013 , vital:38185 , http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.620.4217andrep=rep1andtype=pdf
- Description: The valuation of environmental resources and biodiversity as a whole has become an increasingly necessary topic of research as our understanding of the importance and benefits of the healthy functioning of the environment develops. A major shortcoming of current research is that there has been very little advance in the valuation of freshwater biodiversity. The paper examines the socioeconomic importance of biodiversity and outlines the fundamentals of economic valuation thereof. The difficulties associated with the valuation of freshwater ecosystems are outlined and the results of a study presented to the South African Water Research Commission incorporating resource economics into freshwater quality objectives is described. The valuation of freshwater biodiversity is an important and complicated task that needs close attention in future research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
The anatomy and distribution of the cyperaceae in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa
- Authors: Sonnenberg, Bernd Jürgen
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Cyperaceae Cyperaceae -- Anatomy Cyperaceae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4228 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003797
- Description: The principal objective of this investigation, was to collect the family Cyperaceae and to study their leaf, bract and culm anatomy. The second was to examine the collection for unique structures or forms, whilst a third was to classify the Cyperaceae according to their photosynthetic structures and types. Distribution of the Cyperaceae within the broad region defined as the Eastern Cape would be influenced by rainfall pattern. It was expected that C₃ species would predominate in more mesic environments and habitats, whilst the C₄ species would be found in drier less favourable habitats. Collection within the region (November 1993 to late January 1997), yielded 106 species, totalling some 600 specimens. Both sub-families of the Cyperaceae (Caricoideae and Cyperoideae), eight tribes (Abildgaardieae, Cariceae, Cypereae, Hypotvtreae, Rhynchosporeae, Shoeneae, Sirpeae and Slerieae) and twenty five genera were found to be present. Sixty percent of the species were C₃ and forty percent were C₄. Sixteen new species, which had not been collected within the boundaries of the region previously were also found. Over 43 percent of the species collected had unique anatomical characteristics that appeared to be influenced by habitat and or climate influenced. These are the characters influenced by hydromorphic, mesomorphic and xeromorphic environments. These anatomical characters: Thickness of leaves and bracts; thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis of the leaves and bracts; flush, sunken and raised stomata; presence or absence of bulliform cells; presence and distribution of sclerenchymatous structures; presence or absence of a hypodermis; presence or absence of cavities in the leaves, bracts and culms; mesophyll or ground tissue structure, and the presence or absence of secretary structures. A few noteworthy anatomical characters that are influenced by climate are present in Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense (Schoeneae), the Cariceae, the Cypereae and the Sclerieae. Within Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense the pseudo-dorsiventral leaves and bracts, as well as the large lamina cavities, containing trans-lamina girders are unique. Papillate epidermal cells are limited to the tribe Cariceae. In the Cypereae many of the species lack bulliform cells and hypodermal layers. In Pycreus cooperi (Cypereae) the vascular bundles of the leaves and bracts, appear to be stacked in rows, that are inter-spaced with lamina cavities. In the Sclerieae the mesophyll structure is specific to the species level. Unique anatomical characteristics were also present in the leaves, bracts and culms of the genus Carpha. In this genus distinctive lateral vascular bundles were present abutting the large bundles and/or midrib bundle. The most distinctive anatomical characteristics that could be used to separate the members of the Cyperaceae were the structures and associated structures related to the photosynthetic pathway. The Eastern Cape Cyperaceae could be divided into three distinct groups based on photosynthetic structure, namely one C₃, a C₄ and a potential C₃-C₄ intermediate group. The C₃ group was found to have non-radiate mesophyll and an outer parenchymatous sheath with small chloroplasts (Cariceae, Cyperaceae [in part], Hypolytreae (Chrysithrix capensis], Rhynchosporeae [R. brownii], Schoeneae, Scirpeae and Sclerieae). The C₄ group has radiate mesophyll and an inner parenchymatous sheath with enlarged chloroplasts (Kranz or PCR sheath). The C₄ species are present in tribes Abildgaardieae, Cypereae (in part) and Rhynchosporeae (R. barrosiana). In the Eastern Cape, a few species with C₃ anatomy have anatomical characteristics that are similar to the species with C₄ anatomy (Cyathocoma hexandra [bracts], Cyperus tennellus var. tennellus [leaves and bracts], Ficinia bulbosa [leaves], F. dura [leaves and bracts], F. lateralis coastal [leaves and bracts], F. oligantha [bracts], F. pingiour [bracts], F. stolonifera [leaves and bracts], F. tribracteata [leaves and bracts], F. zeyheri [leaves and bracts], Isolepis cernua [leaves and bracts], I. costata var. macra [bracts], Schoenus nigricans [leaves], Scirpus nodosus [bracts] and Tetraria cuspidata [leaves and bracts)). The vascular bundles within this intermediate group, fall within the Hattersleyand Watson (1975) minimal cell lateral count and maximal cell distal count criteria for C₄ grass species. However, no biochemical data exists to see whether they are C₃-C₄ intermediates or whether the Hattersley and Watson (1975) C₄ criteria for grasses applies to smaller, or scutiform Cyperaceae or not. Based on the results presented here, five distinct structural forms/types were found to be present in the C₃, C₄ and C₃-C₄ intermediate groups. The C₃ and the potential C₃-C₄ intermediate species may be divided into two types, based on the number of vascular sheaths present. In the first or A-type, vascular bundles are surrounded by two sheaths and in the more dominant B-type, by three. The A-type was found in the Cypereae (Cyperus denudatus and C. textilis) and most of the Scirpeae. B-type anatomy occurred in the Cariceae, Cypereae (c. difformis, C. pulcher, C. sphaerospermus, C. tennellus var. tennellus and P. mundii), Hypolytreae, Rhynchosporeae (R. brownii), Schoeneae, Scirpeae (Bolboschoenus maritimus, Ficinia cinnamomea, F. fascicularis, F. lateralis both, F. pingiour, the genus Fuirena, I. diabolica, I. fluitans, I. prolifera and Schoenoplectus paludicola) and Sclerieae tribes. Based on the vascular sheath structure, the C₄ species could be divided into three groups, namely bulbostyloid, chlorocyperoid and fimbristyloid, where the bulbostyloid structure occurred in Bulbostylis schoenoides. Cyperus (in part), Kyllinga, Mariscus and Pycreus (except P. mundii) had a chlorocyperoid structure. Genera with fimbristyloid structure were recorded in the genera Abildgaardia, Bulbostylis and Fimbristylis. The bulbostyloid type represents a potential a fifth C₄ anatomical type within the C₄ Cyperaceae. As a result of this observation, it is possible that the C₄ syndrome may have evolved five times in the Cyperaceae and not four as previously suggested by Bruhl and Perry (1995) and by Soros and Dengler (2001). The C₃ Cyperaceae species within the Eastern Cape are more dominant in higher elevation habitats the C₄ species, similar to the C₃ grasses. The only C₄ species that occur at high elevations are those with three sheaths. The C₃ and C₄ species within the region occur in similar low rainfall habitat ranges, where the C₄'s are more dominant in xeric habitats on drier soils than the C₃ species, similar to the grasses. Where more C₃ species occur in higher rainfall habitats than the C₄ species. With the exception of the Afromontane Bulbostylis schoenoides and R. barrosiana, the C₄ species similar to the grasses are dominant in high light and temperature habitats with low rainfall, unlike the C₄ Cyperaceae of Japan and America. Only five species occur in the desert like conditions of the Karoo-Namib biome (Cyperus laevigatus, C. rupestris var. rupestris, I. cernua, M. capensis and M. uitenhagensis), which have less than 250mm of rainfall per annum. Only three species are habitat-specific or may be endemic to a specific area within the Eastern Cape, namely A. capensis, Chrysithrix capensis and R. barrosiana. A. capensis in marshes on the Amatole mountains near Alice and Hogsback. C. capensis to the Tstsikamma mountains of the Wite Els Bosch forests. R. barrosiana to the marshlands of the Cape Morgan coastal Nature reserve at Kei Mouth. The anatomical types of the C₃ and more especially C₄ Cyperaceae are not specifically found in a particular rainfall regime or habitat type, which is contrary to the thesis hypothesis. However, the C₃ species are mostly correlated with hydrophytic to mesic habitats, with the exception of Ficinia and the two sheathed species. Ficinia is dominant in mesic grasslands and halophytic habitats. The two sheathed C₃ species are mostly present in halophytic habitats. The C₄ species are also more dominant in mesic to xerophytic grasslands, as expected in the hypothesis. Where only a few species occur in habitats correlated with increasing rainfall and temperature similar to the C₄ Cyperaceae of Japan and America. It may thus be that the development and evolution of the different C₄ anatomical forms (or phylogenetic forms) within the Cyperaceae may have enabled these species to establish themselves in habitats that were alien to their origins. It may be that the ability to regulate photoassimilate and water transport within the Cyperaceae enables their success in a dynamic and unpredictable climate, such as the Eastern Cape. Many of the anatomical characteristics reported in this thesis and its appendices are unique to the tribes, genera and/or species of the Eastern Cape Cyperaceae and thus may be valuable to future taxonomic classifications of the family. The research presented here should provide a good working platform for future, more detailed research on this often forgotten component of the vegetation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Sonnenberg, Bernd Jürgen
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Cyperaceae Cyperaceae -- Anatomy Cyperaceae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4228 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003797
- Description: The principal objective of this investigation, was to collect the family Cyperaceae and to study their leaf, bract and culm anatomy. The second was to examine the collection for unique structures or forms, whilst a third was to classify the Cyperaceae according to their photosynthetic structures and types. Distribution of the Cyperaceae within the broad region defined as the Eastern Cape would be influenced by rainfall pattern. It was expected that C₃ species would predominate in more mesic environments and habitats, whilst the C₄ species would be found in drier less favourable habitats. Collection within the region (November 1993 to late January 1997), yielded 106 species, totalling some 600 specimens. Both sub-families of the Cyperaceae (Caricoideae and Cyperoideae), eight tribes (Abildgaardieae, Cariceae, Cypereae, Hypotvtreae, Rhynchosporeae, Shoeneae, Sirpeae and Slerieae) and twenty five genera were found to be present. Sixty percent of the species were C₃ and forty percent were C₄. Sixteen new species, which had not been collected within the boundaries of the region previously were also found. Over 43 percent of the species collected had unique anatomical characteristics that appeared to be influenced by habitat and or climate influenced. These are the characters influenced by hydromorphic, mesomorphic and xeromorphic environments. These anatomical characters: Thickness of leaves and bracts; thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis of the leaves and bracts; flush, sunken and raised stomata; presence or absence of bulliform cells; presence and distribution of sclerenchymatous structures; presence or absence of a hypodermis; presence or absence of cavities in the leaves, bracts and culms; mesophyll or ground tissue structure, and the presence or absence of secretary structures. A few noteworthy anatomical characters that are influenced by climate are present in Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense (Schoeneae), the Cariceae, the Cypereae and the Sclerieae. Within Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense the pseudo-dorsiventral leaves and bracts, as well as the large lamina cavities, containing trans-lamina girders are unique. Papillate epidermal cells are limited to the tribe Cariceae. In the Cypereae many of the species lack bulliform cells and hypodermal layers. In Pycreus cooperi (Cypereae) the vascular bundles of the leaves and bracts, appear to be stacked in rows, that are inter-spaced with lamina cavities. In the Sclerieae the mesophyll structure is specific to the species level. Unique anatomical characteristics were also present in the leaves, bracts and culms of the genus Carpha. In this genus distinctive lateral vascular bundles were present abutting the large bundles and/or midrib bundle. The most distinctive anatomical characteristics that could be used to separate the members of the Cyperaceae were the structures and associated structures related to the photosynthetic pathway. The Eastern Cape Cyperaceae could be divided into three distinct groups based on photosynthetic structure, namely one C₃, a C₄ and a potential C₃-C₄ intermediate group. The C₃ group was found to have non-radiate mesophyll and an outer parenchymatous sheath with small chloroplasts (Cariceae, Cyperaceae [in part], Hypolytreae (Chrysithrix capensis], Rhynchosporeae [R. brownii], Schoeneae, Scirpeae and Sclerieae). The C₄ group has radiate mesophyll and an inner parenchymatous sheath with enlarged chloroplasts (Kranz or PCR sheath). The C₄ species are present in tribes Abildgaardieae, Cypereae (in part) and Rhynchosporeae (R. barrosiana). In the Eastern Cape, a few species with C₃ anatomy have anatomical characteristics that are similar to the species with C₄ anatomy (Cyathocoma hexandra [bracts], Cyperus tennellus var. tennellus [leaves and bracts], Ficinia bulbosa [leaves], F. dura [leaves and bracts], F. lateralis coastal [leaves and bracts], F. oligantha [bracts], F. pingiour [bracts], F. stolonifera [leaves and bracts], F. tribracteata [leaves and bracts], F. zeyheri [leaves and bracts], Isolepis cernua [leaves and bracts], I. costata var. macra [bracts], Schoenus nigricans [leaves], Scirpus nodosus [bracts] and Tetraria cuspidata [leaves and bracts)). The vascular bundles within this intermediate group, fall within the Hattersleyand Watson (1975) minimal cell lateral count and maximal cell distal count criteria for C₄ grass species. However, no biochemical data exists to see whether they are C₃-C₄ intermediates or whether the Hattersley and Watson (1975) C₄ criteria for grasses applies to smaller, or scutiform Cyperaceae or not. Based on the results presented here, five distinct structural forms/types were found to be present in the C₃, C₄ and C₃-C₄ intermediate groups. The C₃ and the potential C₃-C₄ intermediate species may be divided into two types, based on the number of vascular sheaths present. In the first or A-type, vascular bundles are surrounded by two sheaths and in the more dominant B-type, by three. The A-type was found in the Cypereae (Cyperus denudatus and C. textilis) and most of the Scirpeae. B-type anatomy occurred in the Cariceae, Cypereae (c. difformis, C. pulcher, C. sphaerospermus, C. tennellus var. tennellus and P. mundii), Hypolytreae, Rhynchosporeae (R. brownii), Schoeneae, Scirpeae (Bolboschoenus maritimus, Ficinia cinnamomea, F. fascicularis, F. lateralis both, F. pingiour, the genus Fuirena, I. diabolica, I. fluitans, I. prolifera and Schoenoplectus paludicola) and Sclerieae tribes. Based on the vascular sheath structure, the C₄ species could be divided into three groups, namely bulbostyloid, chlorocyperoid and fimbristyloid, where the bulbostyloid structure occurred in Bulbostylis schoenoides. Cyperus (in part), Kyllinga, Mariscus and Pycreus (except P. mundii) had a chlorocyperoid structure. Genera with fimbristyloid structure were recorded in the genera Abildgaardia, Bulbostylis and Fimbristylis. The bulbostyloid type represents a potential a fifth C₄ anatomical type within the C₄ Cyperaceae. As a result of this observation, it is possible that the C₄ syndrome may have evolved five times in the Cyperaceae and not four as previously suggested by Bruhl and Perry (1995) and by Soros and Dengler (2001). The C₃ Cyperaceae species within the Eastern Cape are more dominant in higher elevation habitats the C₄ species, similar to the C₃ grasses. The only C₄ species that occur at high elevations are those with three sheaths. The C₃ and C₄ species within the region occur in similar low rainfall habitat ranges, where the C₄'s are more dominant in xeric habitats on drier soils than the C₃ species, similar to the grasses. Where more C₃ species occur in higher rainfall habitats than the C₄ species. With the exception of the Afromontane Bulbostylis schoenoides and R. barrosiana, the C₄ species similar to the grasses are dominant in high light and temperature habitats with low rainfall, unlike the C₄ Cyperaceae of Japan and America. Only five species occur in the desert like conditions of the Karoo-Namib biome (Cyperus laevigatus, C. rupestris var. rupestris, I. cernua, M. capensis and M. uitenhagensis), which have less than 250mm of rainfall per annum. Only three species are habitat-specific or may be endemic to a specific area within the Eastern Cape, namely A. capensis, Chrysithrix capensis and R. barrosiana. A. capensis in marshes on the Amatole mountains near Alice and Hogsback. C. capensis to the Tstsikamma mountains of the Wite Els Bosch forests. R. barrosiana to the marshlands of the Cape Morgan coastal Nature reserve at Kei Mouth. The anatomical types of the C₃ and more especially C₄ Cyperaceae are not specifically found in a particular rainfall regime or habitat type, which is contrary to the thesis hypothesis. However, the C₃ species are mostly correlated with hydrophytic to mesic habitats, with the exception of Ficinia and the two sheathed species. Ficinia is dominant in mesic grasslands and halophytic habitats. The two sheathed C₃ species are mostly present in halophytic habitats. The C₄ species are also more dominant in mesic to xerophytic grasslands, as expected in the hypothesis. Where only a few species occur in habitats correlated with increasing rainfall and temperature similar to the C₄ Cyperaceae of Japan and America. It may thus be that the development and evolution of the different C₄ anatomical forms (or phylogenetic forms) within the Cyperaceae may have enabled these species to establish themselves in habitats that were alien to their origins. It may be that the ability to regulate photoassimilate and water transport within the Cyperaceae enables their success in a dynamic and unpredictable climate, such as the Eastern Cape. Many of the anatomical characteristics reported in this thesis and its appendices are unique to the tribes, genera and/or species of the Eastern Cape Cyperaceae and thus may be valuable to future taxonomic classifications of the family. The research presented here should provide a good working platform for future, more detailed research on this often forgotten component of the vegetation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
The effect of structure on the electrochemical properties of 14 marine pyrroloquinoline metabolites
- Antunes, Edith M, Maree, Suzanne E, Nyokong, Tebello, Davies-Coleman, Mike T, Maree, M David
- Authors: Antunes, Edith M , Maree, Suzanne E , Nyokong, Tebello , Davies-Coleman, Mike T , Maree, M David
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/286126 , vital:56242 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3184/030823405775146915"
- Description: The electrochemical properties of 14 structurally related pyrroloquinoline metabolites (compounds 1–14) isolated from marine sponges were studied in pH-varied experiments using cyclic and square wave voltammetry. In general both substitution patterns and pH were observed to influence the reduction potentials of these molecules.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Antunes, Edith M , Maree, Suzanne E , Nyokong, Tebello , Davies-Coleman, Mike T , Maree, M David
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/286126 , vital:56242 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3184/030823405775146915"
- Description: The electrochemical properties of 14 structurally related pyrroloquinoline metabolites (compounds 1–14) isolated from marine sponges were studied in pH-varied experiments using cyclic and square wave voltammetry. In general both substitution patterns and pH were observed to influence the reduction potentials of these molecules.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Modelling the sustainable harvest of Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra fruits in the South African lowveld
- Emanuel, P L, Shackleton, Charlie M, Baxter, Jeremy
- Authors: Emanuel, P L , Shackleton, Charlie M , Baxter, Jeremy
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181312 , vital:43718 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.066"
- Description: Levels of commercialization, size class profile and fruit production of Sclerocarya birrea (marula) trees were studied in the Bushbuckridge region of South Africa. A stage-based population matrix model was used to estimate the sustainable yield for S. birrea fruit. The trees begin to bear fruit at an average size of 42.8 cm in circumference and this relates to an approximate age of 19 years. For a stable size class profile, the population growth rate, λ, was 1.1828758. The observed size class profile did not conform to the stable stage size class profile, obtained from the model. Thus, it was not possible to predict the state of the observed population. Using the model, it was estimated that 92% of fruit could be removed without impacting the current population profile. The management of other more destructive forms of S. birrea resource use (such as bark or firewood harvesting), however, do need to be monitored to limit negative impacts on the population that may reduce fruit availability for regeneration or cropping.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Emanuel, P L , Shackleton, Charlie M , Baxter, Jeremy
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181312 , vital:43718 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.066"
- Description: Levels of commercialization, size class profile and fruit production of Sclerocarya birrea (marula) trees were studied in the Bushbuckridge region of South Africa. A stage-based population matrix model was used to estimate the sustainable yield for S. birrea fruit. The trees begin to bear fruit at an average size of 42.8 cm in circumference and this relates to an approximate age of 19 years. For a stable size class profile, the population growth rate, λ, was 1.1828758. The observed size class profile did not conform to the stable stage size class profile, obtained from the model. Thus, it was not possible to predict the state of the observed population. Using the model, it was estimated that 92% of fruit could be removed without impacting the current population profile. The management of other more destructive forms of S. birrea resource use (such as bark or firewood harvesting), however, do need to be monitored to limit negative impacts on the population that may reduce fruit availability for regeneration or cropping.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
"Fit for purpose": towards tracking the quality of university education of entry-level journalists
- Authors: Berger, Guy
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159835 , vital:40348 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2005.9653329
- Description: Debate about the extent to which university education should serve industry is an important consideration for institutions of higher learning in a transforming South Africa, and particularly for those teaching would-be journalists. This issue can also be profitably analysed with reference to the current framework of the South African education authorities who argue that the quality of higher education institutions should be measured in terms of their “fit for purpose” to missions aligned to stakeholder interests in the transformation of the country as a whole. This criterion for quality assessment tends to focus on the educative processes within a university, but it can be argued that it ought to extend into the examination of the output consequences of journalism teaching. This would amount to not just fitness for purpose, but also achievement of purpose – and the latter including a creative and critical impact.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Berger, Guy
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/159835 , vital:40348 , DOI: 10.1080/02560054.2005.9653329
- Description: Debate about the extent to which university education should serve industry is an important consideration for institutions of higher learning in a transforming South Africa, and particularly for those teaching would-be journalists. This issue can also be profitably analysed with reference to the current framework of the South African education authorities who argue that the quality of higher education institutions should be measured in terms of their “fit for purpose” to missions aligned to stakeholder interests in the transformation of the country as a whole. This criterion for quality assessment tends to focus on the educative processes within a university, but it can be argued that it ought to extend into the examination of the output consequences of journalism teaching. This would amount to not just fitness for purpose, but also achievement of purpose – and the latter including a creative and critical impact.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
Five unpublished coins of Alexander the great and his successors in the Rhodes University collection
- Snowball, Jeanette D, Snowball, Warren D
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Snowball, Warren D
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/70359 , vital:29648 , http://dx.doi.org/10.7445/50-0-73
- Description: The article briefly discusses the economic and political significance of the Alexander III(“the Great”) type silver tetradrachm and publishes three of his coins currently held by the Rhodes University Classics Museum. Based on stylistic elements, they are classified as from the Amphipolis and Arados mints and were probably minted during his lifetime. Two further tetradrachms from the empires of Alexander’s successors, Ptolemy II and Seleucus IV, are also published.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Five unpublished coins of Alexander the great and his successors in the Rhodes University collection
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D , Snowball, Warren D
- Date: 2005
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/70359 , vital:29648 , http://dx.doi.org/10.7445/50-0-73
- Description: The article briefly discusses the economic and political significance of the Alexander III(“the Great”) type silver tetradrachm and publishes three of his coins currently held by the Rhodes University Classics Museum. Based on stylistic elements, they are classified as from the Amphipolis and Arados mints and were probably minted during his lifetime. Two further tetradrachms from the empires of Alexander’s successors, Ptolemy II and Seleucus IV, are also published.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
The development and implementation of a performance management system: a case study
- Whittington-Jones, Alexandra
- Authors: Whittington-Jones, Alexandra
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Public Service Accountability Monitor (South Africa) Non-governmental organizations -- South Africa -- Evaluation Performance -- Management -- Case studies Organizational effectiveness -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:738 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003858
- Description: After a review of the literature relevant to performance management systems both over time and across different types of organizations, this thesis confines its research to a case study of the development and implementation of a performance management system in a non-governmental organization (NGO), the Public Service Accountability Monitor (PSAM). Collation of the relevant data is followed by a discussion of the development and implementation of the performance management system at the PSAM over a 5-year period from 1 June 1999 to 31 May 2004. This is considered in terms of the PSAM’s achievement of commitments to Funders and the concurrent development of the performance management system. Next an analysis of major themes that emerged from the research, in terms of important items for consideration in the development and implementation of a performance management system in an NGO, and areas for possible future improvements to the system is presented. After analyzing the relevant information, it became apparent that the performance management system has no direct bearing on the ability of the PSAM to achieve its stated commitment to Funders. However, these short-term focused expectations of the performance management system are outweighed by the positive contributions that have been made by its introduction, specifically in the area of training and development. This important aspect of capacity building and staff empowerment speaks to the long term sustainability of the organization. Although the PSAM’s performance management system undergoes continual improvement, significant inroads have been made into providing a sensible, clear and dynamic solution to the problem of rewarding efficient and effective performance. The PSAM has indeed benefited from the introduction of the performance management system in a number of ways. It is evident that these benefits could be applicable to other NGOs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Whittington-Jones, Alexandra
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Public Service Accountability Monitor (South Africa) Non-governmental organizations -- South Africa -- Evaluation Performance -- Management -- Case studies Organizational effectiveness -- Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:738 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003858
- Description: After a review of the literature relevant to performance management systems both over time and across different types of organizations, this thesis confines its research to a case study of the development and implementation of a performance management system in a non-governmental organization (NGO), the Public Service Accountability Monitor (PSAM). Collation of the relevant data is followed by a discussion of the development and implementation of the performance management system at the PSAM over a 5-year period from 1 June 1999 to 31 May 2004. This is considered in terms of the PSAM’s achievement of commitments to Funders and the concurrent development of the performance management system. Next an analysis of major themes that emerged from the research, in terms of important items for consideration in the development and implementation of a performance management system in an NGO, and areas for possible future improvements to the system is presented. After analyzing the relevant information, it became apparent that the performance management system has no direct bearing on the ability of the PSAM to achieve its stated commitment to Funders. However, these short-term focused expectations of the performance management system are outweighed by the positive contributions that have been made by its introduction, specifically in the area of training and development. This important aspect of capacity building and staff empowerment speaks to the long term sustainability of the organization. Although the PSAM’s performance management system undergoes continual improvement, significant inroads have been made into providing a sensible, clear and dynamic solution to the problem of rewarding efficient and effective performance. The PSAM has indeed benefited from the introduction of the performance management system in a number of ways. It is evident that these benefits could be applicable to other NGOs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005