https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index en-us 5 https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5127 30kg.m-2), as well as according to measures of waist circumference (WC) and body composition. Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and type II diabetes, were grouped as cardiovascular (CV) risks. Hypertension was defined as a blood pressure greater than 140/90mmHg (JNC-7); hypercholesterolemia, as total cholesterol greater than 6.2mmol.L-1 (NCEP); and type II diabetes, as total glucose greater than 12mmol.L-1 (WHO). Physical activity, diet, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption and dependence were grouped as lifestyle-related risks. These were assessed by means of self-reporting through the use of various validated questionnaires. Finally, self-reporting of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and type II diabetes was assessed, in addition to perception questions on individuals’ perceived body shape and size (Ziebland figures). Self-reported and perceived responses were then compared to actual measures. Females were significantly (p<0.001) heavier than the males (92.7kg compared to 72.1kg) and had significantly (p<0.001) higher BMIs than their male counterparts (37.6kg.m-2 compared to 25.7 kg.-2). They also recorded significantly (p<0.001) higher waist circumference (WC) values and had significantly (p<0.001) higher percentage and total body fat. Significantly (p<0.001) more females were obese (81%) compared to males (17%). While a higher percentage of males (25 % compared to 22%) presented with stage I hypertension (≥140/90mmHg, <160/95mmHg), significantly (p<0.05) more females (14% compared to 8%) presented with stage II hypertension (>160/95mmHg). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia at a high level of risk (>6.2mmol.L-1) was relatively low (2.1 % of males, 3.4% of females), but notably more participants (22% of males and 26% of females) presented with the condition at a moderate level of risk (>5mmol.L-1). Type II diabetes was the least prevalent CV risk factor, with no males and only 3% of females presenting with the condition. Males consumed significantly (p<0.05) more in terms of total energy intake (9024 vs. 7234 kJ) and were significantly (p<0.05) more active (3315 compared to 2660 MET-mins.week). A significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage of males smoked (51.1% compared to 3.4%), consumed alcohol (73.4% compared to 46.6%) and were alcohol dependent (40% compared to 33.5%). Both males and females tended to be ignorant of their health status, with both samples under-reporting obesity, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, while over-reporting type II diabetes. Furthermore, obesity was significantly (p<0.05) underestimated, with both male and female individuals perceiving themselves to be notably smaller than they actually were. Physical activity and diet were important determinants of CVD risk in this black urban sample of individuals. Obesity, in particular central adiposity, was the most notable risk (particularly in females), followed by hypertension (particularly in males). Although some risks presented at a moderate level of risk, a clustering of risk factors was evident in both samples, with 12.6% and 41.2% of males and females presenting with two risk factors, and 2.8% and 8.1% of males and females respectively presenting with three risks.]]> Wed 12 Oct 2022 12:08:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:974 Wed 12 May 2021 23:46:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5697 Wed 12 May 2021 23:43:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1632 Wed 12 May 2021 23:32:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1017 Wed 12 May 2021 23:30:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3070 Wed 12 May 2021 23:28:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1153 Wed 12 May 2021 23:09:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4633 Wed 12 May 2021 23:04:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:838 Wed 12 May 2021 22:47:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1959 Wed 12 May 2021 22:22:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:951 Wed 12 May 2021 20:52:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1628 Wed 12 May 2021 20:37:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:785 Wed 12 May 2021 20:35:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4122 Wed 12 May 2021 20:31:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5106 Wed 12 May 2021 20:20:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5117 Wed 12 May 2021 20:12:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2234 Wed 12 May 2021 20:10:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3534 Wed 12 May 2021 19:50:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:746 Wed 12 May 2021 19:43:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3488 Wed 12 May 2021 19:39:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1129 Wed 12 May 2021 19:29:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2984 Wed 12 May 2021 19:09:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2248 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2792 Wed 12 May 2021 18:38:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1454 Wed 12 May 2021 18:30:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:984 Wed 12 May 2021 18:27:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:742 Wed 12 May 2021 18:25:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4323 Wed 12 May 2021 18:24:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2397 Wed 12 May 2021 18:21:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4121 Wed 12 May 2021 18:17:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1036 Wed 12 May 2021 17:56:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1167 Wed 12 May 2021 17:48:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5574 Wed 12 May 2021 17:43:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1645 Wed 12 May 2021 17:36:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21017 Wed 12 May 2021 17:36:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1597 Wed 12 May 2021 17:23:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1044 Wed 12 May 2021 17:14:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:957 Wed 12 May 2021 17:13:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6040 Wed 12 May 2021 17:09:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4451 Wed 12 May 2021 16:46:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3856 Wed 12 May 2021 16:43:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6027 Wed 12 May 2021 16:40:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:964 Wed 12 May 2021 16:24:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:968 Wed 12 May 2021 16:24:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4404 Wed 12 May 2021 16:23:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3593 Wed 12 May 2021 16:16:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3966 Wed 12 May 2021 16:12:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:793 Wed 12 May 2021 16:11:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3940 90% of the algae population. Under batch operation the population dynamic shifted; Chlorella outcompeted Micractinium possibly due to nutrient depletion and selective grazing pressures caused by proliferation of Daphnia. Higher species diversity was observed during batch mode as slower growing algae were able to establish in the HRAP. Nutrient removal efficiency and biomass productivity was higher in continuous mode, however lower nutrient levels were obtained in batch operation. HMTBA did not significantly affect growth rate, however treatment with 10 mg.L-1 resulted in slightly increased growth rate in Micractinium and increased final biomass concentrations in Chlorella, Micractinium and Spirulina (although this was not statistically significant for Micractinium and Spirulina), which are known mixotrophic species. Algae treated with Cu-HMTBA, showed reduced final biomass concentration with 10 mg.L-1, caused by Cu toxicity. Biochemical composition of the algae was species-specific and differed through the growth cycle, with high protein observed during early growth and high carbohydrate during late growth/early stationary phase. Additionally, 0.1 mg.L-1 HMTBA and Cu-HMTBA significantly reduced protein content in Chlorella, Micractinium, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. In conclusion, operation of the HRAP in continuous culture provided suitable wastewater treatment with high productivity of an ideal species, Micractinium, for use in animal feed supplementation. This species had 40% protein content during growth (higher than the other species tested) and dominated the HRAP at > 90% of the algae population during continuous mode. Addition of HMTBA (> 1 mg.L-1) to algae cultivation systems and those treating wastewater, has the potential to improve productivity and the value of the biomass by enhancing protein content. Overall, the co-utilisation of microalgae for wastewater treatment and the generation of a biomass rich in protein, for incorporation into formulated animal feed supplements, represents a closed ecosystem which conserves nutrients and regenerates a most valuable resource, water.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 15:55:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1146 Wed 12 May 2021 15:51:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1956 Wed 12 May 2021 15:45:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2407 Tue 22 Mar 2022 11:18:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:879 Thu 13 May 2021 10:43:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4136 Thu 13 May 2021 10:28:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:976 Thu 13 May 2021 08:09:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5472 Thu 13 May 2021 08:08:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:733 Thu 13 May 2021 07:34:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1917 Thu 13 May 2021 07:23:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5910 Thu 13 May 2021 07:15:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2677 Thu 13 May 2021 07:00:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5402 Thu 13 May 2021 06:57:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2964 Thu 13 May 2021 06:56:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1683 Thu 13 May 2021 06:54:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5679 Thu 13 May 2021 06:52:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2432 Thu 13 May 2021 06:33:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2160 Thu 13 May 2021 06:31:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3698 Thu 13 May 2021 06:23:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:979 Thu 13 May 2021 06:15:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:819 Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3463 Thu 13 May 2021 06:03:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4096 Thu 13 May 2021 05:48:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4940 Thu 13 May 2021 05:30:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:962 Thu 13 May 2021 04:48:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4398 Thu 13 May 2021 04:46:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5567 Thu 13 May 2021 04:45:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:982 Thu 13 May 2021 04:29:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2632 Thu 13 May 2021 04:15:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:955 Thu 13 May 2021 04:08:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4600 Thu 13 May 2021 03:48:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1636 Thu 13 May 2021 03:30:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5420 Thu 13 May 2021 03:13:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4399 Thu 13 May 2021 03:02:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:882 Thu 13 May 2021 02:56:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3840 Thu 13 May 2021 02:44:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1988 Thu 13 May 2021 02:25:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1664 Thu 13 May 2021 02:04:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5715 0.05 in all cases). For the majority of physical-chemical variables, no significant seasonal patterns in values were detected (P>0.05 in all cases). Notable exceptions were water column stability and water temperatures which were highest during summer, and seston, turbidity and ammonium concentrations which attained the highest values in winter. The striking seasonal pattern observed in the water column stability, coupled with the upwelling event, coincided with a strong seasonal pattern in the total surface and integrated chlorophyll-a concentrations within the Bay. During summer, the total surface phytoplankton biomass ranged from 1.87–3.11 μg.L⁻¹ and the integrated biomass values between 44.6 and 89.1 mg chl-a m⁻². In winter, surface chl-a concentrations ranged from 0.49 to 0.55 μg.L⁻¹ and integrated biomass from 13.5 to 13.8 mg chl-a m⁻². During both seasons, the large microphytoplankton (>20 μm) fraction contributed the most (>80%) to the total phytoplankton biomass suggesting that phytoplankton growth is not nutrient limited within the Bay. The total mesozooplankton abundance and biomass values during summer varied between 10088.92 and 28283.21 ind.m⁻³ and between 76.59 and 161.94 mg.m⁻³, respectively. During winter, total abundance and biomass of mesozooplankton within the Bay were significantly lower, ranging from 2392.49 to 11145.29 ind.m⁻³, and from 34.49 to 42.49 mg.m⁻³, respectively (P<0.05). During both seasons, cosmopolitan copepod species 200–500μm in size dominated the total mesozooplankton counts, numerically and in biomass. Hierarchical cluster analyses identified distinct zooplankton groupings within the Bay during both the summer (three groupings) and winter (four groupings) surveys. The different groupings identified during the two seasons were not associated with any specific geographic region or hydrological feature. Nonetheless, a distinct seasonal pattern in the mesozooplankton community was evident, largely reflecting the increased abundance of mesozooplankton during the summer survey. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) indicated that the zooplankton community structure within Algoa Bay reflected a complex interaction between physical-chemical (e.g. temperature, water column stability, turbidity, and nitrate, dissolved oxygen and nitrite concentrations) and biological factors (e.g. microphytoplankton and picophytoplankton concentrations). These data provide baseline information towards long-term monitoring programs that will be conducted in Algoa Bay, as part of the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), in the near future.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 01:52:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:772 Thu 13 May 2021 01:37:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1164 Thu 13 May 2021 01:25:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3770 Thu 13 May 2021 01:25:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:975 Thu 13 May 2021 01:22:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3695 Thu 13 May 2021 01:22:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1627 Thu 13 May 2021 01:15:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3452 Thu 13 May 2021 00:51:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3096 Thu 13 May 2021 00:30:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3325 Thu 13 May 2021 00:25:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5575 Thu 13 May 2021 00:22:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2217 Thu 13 May 2021 00:10:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:954 Thu 06 Jul 2023 11:52:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3016 Mon 05 Jun 2023 08:49:17 SAST ]]>