https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3274 Wed 26 Oct 2022 16:16:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:45376 Wed 24 Nov 2021 08:42:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:45375 Wed 24 Nov 2021 08:30:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38023 Wed 19 Jul 2023 06:56:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20351 Wed 12 Jul 2023 19:04:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19964 Tue 15 Aug 2023 16:14:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19995 Tue 15 Aug 2023 11:32:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2080 Tue 10 Oct 2023 09:16:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20633 Tue 10 Aug 2021 12:31:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20381 Thu 29 Sep 2022 14:28:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5389 Thu 29 Sep 2022 14:19:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20338 Thu 23 Jun 2022 11:24:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20319 Thu 16 Mar 2023 12:59:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26325 Thu 15 Jul 2021 20:06:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19994 Thu 13 May 2021 14:49:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20714 Thu 13 May 2021 14:04:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19962 Thu 13 May 2021 13:24:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20012 Thu 13 May 2021 12:50:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4565 Thu 13 May 2021 12:41:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20534 Thu 13 May 2021 12:05:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2515 Thu 13 May 2021 11:10:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26599 0.999 were obtained for each assessment of linearity and FTC, TNF and EFV are linear in the range 0.4-40 μg/ml, 0.6-60 μg/ml and 1.2-120 μg/ml. The equation of the best-fit least squares regression lines for FTC, TNF and EFV were y = 0.0191x+0.0007, y = 0.0163x+0.0116 and y = 0.01x+0.016, respectively. The method is accurate as the y-intercept was < 2% of the detector response for all ARV, and the method is precise in terms of intra- and inter-assay precision as all % RSD < 2%. The stability-indicating nature of the method was demonstrated under acidic, alkaline and oxidative stress in addition to UV exposure and elevated temperatures, and the individual chromatograms were overlaid using Empower® 3 Software to establish whether there was interference with the peaks of interest. The forced degradation studies demonstrated the selectivity of the method for the ARV compounds. The method was applied to assay and in vitro dissolution studies of commercially available tablets. The amount of each active ingredient released from Atripla® was determined and compared to the amount of each drug released from Aspen Efavirenz® and Truvada® (a combination of FTC and TNF). The percent FTC released from Atripla® and Truvada® was similar based on the acceptance criteria for immediate-release BCS class 1 compounds. Statistical analysis was undertaken to compare the dissolution profiles of FTC, TNF and EFV. The percent of these compounds released in these studies indicate that bioequivalence testing would be required to declare these products interchangeable. The validated RP-HPLC and in vitro dissolution test method are suitable for routine quality control testing of solid oral dosage forms containing EFV, FTC and TNF, and as the dissolution method can discriminate between different formulations of the same molecule, these tools can also be used for analysis during formulation development studies. The method is not suitable for the analysis of the ARV plasma due to lack of sensitivity and an inability to quantitate the compounds at the required concentration levels. The use of HPLC with mass spectroscopy for quantitation would enhance the sensitivity of the method and may eliminate the quantitation of the molecules in the presence of interference that was observed when using UV detection. Fixed dose combination tablets are convenient for patient therapy and it is likely that in the future more molecules will be formulated into such dosage forms. However formulations such as these can pose significant difficulties when developing and using analytical methods for the quantitation of all compounds in the dosage form at the same time, in particular when the compounds have vastly different physico-chemical properties that impact the quality of a separation and therefore the analysis. Therefore when embarking on the development of FDC product cognisance of the difficulties of developing single methods for the analyses is required and approaches to overcome these difficulties should be considered.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 08:54:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4560 Thu 13 May 2021 08:53:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2332 Thu 13 May 2021 08:51:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20550 Thu 13 May 2021 08:49:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20044 Thu 13 May 2021 08:47:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1335 Thu 13 May 2021 08:46:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20314 Thu 13 May 2021 08:44:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6013 Thu 13 May 2021 08:23:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2064 Thu 13 May 2021 08:23:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5945 Thu 13 May 2021 08:18:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26587 Thu 13 May 2021 08:16:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20355 Thu 13 May 2021 08:11:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20623 Thu 13 May 2021 08:09:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20635 Thu 13 May 2021 08:06:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20501 Thu 13 May 2021 07:40:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20478 Thu 13 May 2021 07:38:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20639 Thu 13 May 2021 07:36:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:24530 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20331 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3553 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20577 Thu 13 May 2021 07:28:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20054 Thu 13 May 2021 07:20:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1210 Thu 13 May 2021 07:18:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6003 Thu 13 May 2021 07:11:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3409 Thu 13 May 2021 07:07:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20553 Thu 13 May 2021 07:07:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20533 Thu 13 May 2021 07:05:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20592 Thu 13 May 2021 07:01:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20500 Thu 13 May 2021 07:01:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20393 Thu 13 May 2021 06:58:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5387 Thu 13 May 2021 06:57:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20540 Thu 13 May 2021 06:55:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5390 0.05). After prolonged irrigation with treated BE, sodium is likely to build up in the soil and this can be expected to be accompanied by a deterioration in the soil physical structure. However, crops species such as millet (Echinochloa esculenta), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) reduced the build-up of sodium in the soil. The results suggest that sodium was mainly removed from the soil through plant-assisted leaching. Of the crops grown, lucerne showed the most promise because it improved the soil physical properties, is able to grow well in alkaline environments, is a popular fodder crop and can be harvested multiple times from a single stand. Brewery effluent is more suitable for soil production systems than hydroponic production systems because the soil was able to act as a buffer against the high pH of post-AD BE, whereas in a hydroponics systems the high pH reduced the availability of key minerals to plants. In conclusion brewery effluent contains sufficient plants nutrients to support the growth of cabbages, saltbush, lucerne and millet. However the sodium content of BE is a concern as it accumulates in the soil, and in the long-term it may lead to soil degradation. It is suggested that the brewery change the pH neutralising treatment of BE from sodium hydroxide to potassium hydroxide, or dolomitic lime (calcium and magnesium carbonate) because this would reduce the introduction of sodium into the system, and would increase the suitability of BE for crop production, given potassium and calcium are plant nutrients. The benefits of developing this nutrient and water resource could contribute to cost-reductions at the brewery, more efficient water, nutrient and energy management, create job opportunities with the potential of improving food security in the local community.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:50:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19969 Thu 13 May 2021 06:44:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20527 Thu 13 May 2021 06:42:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:868 Thu 13 May 2021 06:41:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20006 Thu 13 May 2021 06:38:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5581 Thu 13 May 2021 06:37:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5582 Thu 13 May 2021 06:37:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6015 Thu 13 May 2021 06:36:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20000 Thu 13 May 2021 06:32:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19986 Thu 13 May 2021 06:30:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20383 Thu 13 May 2021 06:26:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19956 Thu 13 May 2021 06:22:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19967 Thu 13 May 2021 06:21:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29391 Thu 13 May 2021 06:19:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2079 Thu 13 May 2021 06:19:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20062 Thu 13 May 2021 06:18:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19958 Thu 13 May 2021 06:16:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20541 Thu 13 May 2021 06:10:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6008 Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20023 Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19978 Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:865 Thu 13 May 2021 05:57:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19970 Thu 13 May 2021 05:51:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26557 30%). Little Egret fed mainly on flathead mullet throughout the year. Fatty acid analysis revealed evidence for trophic transfer of specific fatty acids from basal resources to waterbirds in the Kowie Estuary but provided little information on seasonal diet of waterbirds. Waterbirds foraging in the Kowie Estuary appeared to shift their diet to coincide with resource abundance pulses, but also displayed seasonal dietary overlap. This study highlights the role that waterbirds play in aquatic food webs. The subject requires more attention so that we can better understand all the predatory drivers on aquatic communities.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 05:42:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2074 Thu 13 May 2021 05:41:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2125 Thu 13 May 2021 05:39:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19954 Thu 13 May 2021 05:29:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20036 Thu 13 May 2021 05:26:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20628 Thu 13 May 2021 05:19:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2626 Thu 13 May 2021 05:16:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6056 Thu 13 May 2021 05:14:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19991 Thu 13 May 2021 05:07:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20609 Thu 13 May 2021 04:54:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:6005 Thu 13 May 2021 04:53:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4894 Thu 13 May 2021 04:52:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19973 Thu 13 May 2021 04:49:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26704 Thu 13 May 2021 04:45:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20316 Thu 13 May 2021 04:32:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4561 Thu 13 May 2021 04:25:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20005 Thu 13 Jul 2023 12:28:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27456 Thu 13 Apr 2023 09:16:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19965 Sat 09 Sep 2023 09:32:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28557 60 cm in well-prepared soils, microbial enzyme activities in the soil depth intervals corresponding to the lower rootzone, were also investigated. This research was carried out in a randomized field trial. Finally, to gain a broader understanding of the effects of contrasting soil management systems on soil microbiology under a greater variety of environmental conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal dynamics were explored in a survey of commercial apple orchards. These orchards were selected to span the range of environmental conditions that occur in the apple production areas of the Western Cape. Orchard soils under ORG management promoted richer microbial ecosystems, and appeared to be better able to sustain community metabolic diversity and, by inference, the functions mediated by soil microbial communities, than those under CON management. This implies that ORG approaches possibly afford a better option to sustain critical ecosystem functions than CON management. This possibly explains why use of straw mulches and compost in accordance with ORG practices, compared with CON practices, promoted β-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and urease activities rather than affecting the abundance of the micro-organisms that produce these enzymes. Enzyme activities in the 0–30 cm soil intervals were also more effectively promoted by ORG than CON practices, although no differences were observed at lower depth intervals. ORG practices promoted functional AM associations more effectively than CON practices, but the abundance of glomalin, a beneficial by-product of AM fungi, was unaffected. The greater enzyme activities and higher root colonisation levels in the ORG treatments probably contributed to improved nutritional effects that caused greater vegetative growth, but lower yields, in the ORG treatments. Yield suppression was conceivably due to excessive vegetative growth induced by oversupply of compost and the mineral nutrients contained therein. The survey of Western Cape apple orchards suggested that neither glomalin nor root colonisation bore any specific relationship to production area, cultivation practice, scion x rootstock combination, or, in the case of root colonisation, with any chemical parameters. However, the effect of season on glomalin was conclusively shown, being higher in summer than in spring, as was the lack of any effect of year on glomalin and root colonisation. Collectively, these results showed that ORG soil management promote soil microbiology, soil nutrient status, and apple tree performance compared to CON management.]]> Mon 24 Apr 2023 10:18:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:45340 Mon 22 Nov 2021 15:55:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:25944 Mon 08 Aug 2022 08:48:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20573 Fri 07 Jul 2023 09:54:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19947 Fri 06 Aug 2021 11:40:35 SAST ]]>