https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9555 Wed 12 May 2021 23:46:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9510 Wed 12 May 2021 23:43:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3293 Wed 12 May 2021 23:13:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11304 Wed 12 May 2021 23:12:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11246 Wed 12 May 2021 23:04:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3743 Wed 12 May 2021 23:03:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2112 Wed 12 May 2021 22:58:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3972 Wed 12 May 2021 22:58:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9482 Wed 12 May 2021 22:57:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10304 Wed 12 May 2021 22:57:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1468 Wed 12 May 2021 22:56:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3800 Wed 12 May 2021 22:52:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10690 Wed 12 May 2021 22:50:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9731 Wed 12 May 2021 22:23:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10423 Wed 12 May 2021 22:17:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11962 Wed 12 May 2021 21:04:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5708 Wed 12 May 2021 20:37:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5779 Wed 12 May 2021 20:33:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10520 Wed 12 May 2021 20:28:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10645 Wed 12 May 2021 20:23:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10504 Wed 12 May 2021 20:21:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16128 Wed 12 May 2021 20:19:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3339 Wed 12 May 2021 19:52:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11264 Wed 12 May 2021 19:50:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36450 Wed 12 May 2021 19:32:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9373 Wed 12 May 2021 19:27:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5911 Wed 12 May 2021 19:25:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11268 5 mg/ml for all the extracts. Average log reductions in viable cell counts for all the extracts ranged between 0.1 Log10 and 7.5 Log10 cfu/ml after 12 h interaction at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. Most of the extracts were rapidly bactericidal at 2 × MIC achieving a complete elimination of most of the test organisms within 12 h exposure time. The effect of combinations of the crude extracts of H. pedunculatum leaves and eight antibiotics was investigated by means of checkerboard and time-kill methods. In the checkerboard method, synergies of between 45.83-56.81 percent were observed and this is independent of Gram reaction, with combinations in the aqueous extract yielding largely antagonistic interactions (18.75 percent). The time kill assay also detected synergy that is independent of Gram reaction with a ≥ 3Log10 potentiation of the bactericidal activity of the test antibiotics. We conclude that the crude leaf extracts of H. pedunculatum could be potential source of broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modulating compounds. The interactions between crude extracts of H. longifolium in combination with six first-line antibiotics using both the time-kill and the checkerboard methods were carried out. The time-kill method revealed the highest bactericidal activity exemplified by a 6.7 Log10 reduction in cell density against Salmonella sp. when the extract and Penicillin G are combined at ½ × MIC. Synergistic response constituted about 65 percent, while indifference and antagonism constituted about 28.33 percent and 6.67 percent in the time kill assay, respectively. The checkerboard method also revealed that the extracts improved bactericidal effects of the antibiotics. About 61.67 percent of all the interactions were synergistic, while indifference interactions constituted about 26.67 percent and antagonistic interactions was observed in approximately 11.66 percent. The in vitro antioxidant property and phytochemical constituents of the aqueous crude leaf extracts of H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum was investigated. The scavenging activity on superoxide anions, DPPH, H2O2, NO and ABTS; and the reducing power were determined, as well as the flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and phenolic contents of the extracts. The extracts exhibited scavenging activity in all radicals tested due to the presence of relatively high total phenol and flavonoids contents in the extracts. Our findings suggest that H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum are endowed with antioxidant phytochemicals and could serve as a base for future drugs. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the leaves of H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum yielded two known compounds. From the n-hexane fraction of H. longifolium a compound was isolated (Stigmasterol) and from the ethyl acetate fraction of H. pedunculatum another compound (β-sitosterol) was isolated. The compounds were isolated and identified using various techniques. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of these compounds have been reported in literatures. In general, the experiments and tests conducted in this study appear to have justified the folkloric medicinal uses of H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum for the treatment of stress related ailments and wound infections and make a substantial contribution to the knowledge base of the use of herbal medicine for the treatment of the microbial infections.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 19:21:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11950 Wed 12 May 2021 19:18:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9498 Wed 12 May 2021 18:54:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5453 Wed 12 May 2021 18:37:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11305 Wed 12 May 2021 18:34:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2950 Wed 12 May 2021 18:32:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10306 Wed 12 May 2021 18:28:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9681 Wed 12 May 2021 17:58:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9493 Wed 12 May 2021 17:51:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9356 Wed 12 May 2021 17:45:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:8446 Wed 12 May 2021 17:17:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9075 Wed 12 May 2021 17:14:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9729 Wed 12 May 2021 17:05:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5202 Wed 12 May 2021 17:04:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4762 Wed 12 May 2021 16:51:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3860 Wed 12 May 2021 16:38:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9445 Wed 12 May 2021 16:27:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9514 Wed 12 May 2021 16:26:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9554 Wed 12 May 2021 16:09:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1193 Wed 12 May 2021 16:09:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4335 Wed 12 May 2021 16:06:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:8679 Wed 12 May 2021 16:00:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4344 Wed 12 May 2021 15:52:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:8456 Wed 12 May 2021 15:50:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4126 Wed 12 May 2021 15:44:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4187 Thu 13 May 2021 13:32:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3845 Thu 13 May 2021 08:22:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9478 Thu 13 May 2021 08:13:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1573 Thu 13 May 2021 07:40:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11392 Thu 13 May 2021 07:24:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10130 Thu 13 May 2021 07:12:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11267 Thu 13 May 2021 07:03:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10338 Thu 13 May 2021 07:01:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9629 75 percent joint efficiency). High Vickers microhardness values were measured at the joint interfaces, which corresponded with the intermetallic compounds. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of thin layers of intermetallics in nanoscale at the interfacial regions. The diffractograms of the X-Ray Diffraction analysis showed small peaks for intermetallics in some of the welds. Low electrical resistivities were measured at the joint interfaces. The statistical analysis showed that the downward vertical force, (Fz) can significantly influence the resulting weld qualities. An overall summary of the analysis of the weld qualities - with respect to the shoulder diameter tools employed showed that the 18 mm shoulder diameter tool is most appropriate among the three shoulder diameters considered, and a process window of medium spindle speed of 950 rpm and low-to-medium feed rate between 50 and 150 mm/min is established for FSW of Aluminium and Copper. Welds produced at 1200 rpm and 300 mm/min with low heat input did not have intermetallics formed at the joint interface.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:36:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9496 Thu 13 May 2021 06:18:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30747 Thu 13 May 2021 06:17:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10321 sCD23>derCD23) for IgE, upon increasing length of the proximal CD23 “stalk” domain. These findings highlight the differences in both the structural basis and affinity of the three physiological fragments of human CD23 for the ligands CD21 and IgE and underscore the complexity of CD23-mediated regulatory networks. It was found that B-cells only make up ~5% of the PBMC population, and that these cells were able to be activated, via STAT-6 phosphorylation, to enter class switch recombination (CSR) by the addition of switch factors (IL-4 and anti-CD40). Titration experiments dictated that 25 ng/mL of CD23 was the most efficient concentration to up-regulate IgE synthesis in PBMCs; furthermore, soluble CD23 proteins were incubated with PBMCs in the presence and absence of CD21 SCR 1-2 to investigate the effect that these recombinant proteins have on IgE synthesis. Results showed that the influence of recombinant proteins (both CD23 and CD21) on IgE synthesis was slight. It was shown that while derCD23 had no significant effect, monomeric sCD23 down-regulated, and the mixture of monomeric and oligomeric exCD23 up-regulated IgE synthesis. On addition of CD21 SCR 1-2 to the cells switched and treated with soluble CD23, it was found that in both cases for sCD23 and exCD23, IgE synthesis was increased, while for derCD23, there was no noticeable difference in IgE synthesis. This confirmed previous data showing the lack of binding between derCD23 and CD21 SCR 1-2. The exact binding site for CD21 on the CD23 molecule is unknown, and incompletely represented in the NMR and crystal structures. It is thought that CD21 binds to the C-terminal tail section, not present in derCD23. It is therefore likely that only a negative-feedback mechanism operates with derCD23 to regulate IgE synthesis. Further investigation of the binding of CD23 fragments to SCR 5-8 of CD21 and the effect of this on IgE synthesis may lead to a potential therapeutic role for derCD23 in the treatment of allergic disease. Data accumulated in this study suggests that investigating the modulation of oligomeric state and thus the activity of soluble CD23 fragments may be important in the construction of new regulators of IgE synthesis.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 05:44:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4325 Thu 13 May 2021 04:49:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9341 Thu 13 May 2021 04:41:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10303 Thu 13 May 2021 04:27:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9264 Thu 13 May 2021 04:18:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11509 Thu 13 May 2021 04:07:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4189 Thu 13 May 2021 04:04:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:8658 Thu 13 May 2021 04:03:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11961 Thu 13 May 2021 03:57:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10323 Thu 13 May 2021 03:53:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11423 Thu 13 May 2021 03:52:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:8363 Thu 13 May 2021 03:38:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10322 Thu 13 May 2021 03:37:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9893 Thu 13 May 2021 03:35:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9754 Thu 13 May 2021 02:53:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11800 Thu 13 May 2021 02:32:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9443 Thu 13 May 2021 02:31:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5568 Thu 13 May 2021 01:47:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9509 Thu 13 May 2021 01:47:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11389 Thu 13 May 2021 01:46:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1138 Thu 13 May 2021 01:42:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3934 Thu 13 May 2021 01:28:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10340 Thu 13 May 2021 01:22:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11331 Thu 13 May 2021 01:11:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1539 Thu 13 May 2021 01:09:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2990 Thu 13 May 2021 00:52:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:8662 Thu 13 May 2021 00:49:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10390 Thu 13 May 2021 00:47:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10542 Thu 13 May 2021 00:41:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10518 Thu 13 May 2021 00:39:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9041 Thu 13 May 2021 00:38:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11866 0.05) affect maize biomass and grain yield. Sorghum experienced the largest drop in biomass when relay-intercropped with maize. Mucuna resulted in the highest N uptake (271 kg N/ha) in sole cropping while sorghum had the lowest (88 kg N/ha). Grazing vetch results in high biomass yields with minimal fertilizer application in a warm-temperate climate. Grazing vetch mulch is also the most cost effective mulch for better early weed control, improving soil mineral N status, water conservation and ultimately enhanced maize productivity in smallholder irrigation maize-based systems. The 3:2 pattern maximizes summer cover crop biomass yields compared to the 6:2 and 4:2 patterns. However, the 3:2 pattern may slightly depress yields in a water stressed environment. Relay intercropping mucuna, sunnhemp and sorghum into a maize crop at 42 days after maize sowing has no effect on maize productivity while cover crop biomass yields are low. Having a long winter fallow period after maize harvesting, a common practice in the study area, reduces the positive impact of legume cover crops on soil mineral N. Results suggest that winter cover crops may result in weed control, soil fertility and maize yield improvement benefits while a long fallow period may cancel-out these benefits for summer cover crops. Grazing vetch is a cost effective cover crop that produces high maize yields with minimal fertilizer input. Maize growing on oat mulch requires more fertilizer application than crops growing on grazing vetch mulch. Conservation agriculture systems in which summer cover crops are grown alongside the maize crop with a long winter fallow period do not produce the intended CA benefits.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 00:30:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5456 Thu 13 May 2021 00:26:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2929 Thu 13 May 2021 00:13:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2786 Thu 01 Feb 2024 09:54:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1673 Mon 17 Jan 2022 13:25:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5721 Fri 14 Jan 2022 10:57:18 SAST ]]>