https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27069 Wed 13 Mar 2024 09:44:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1330 Wed 12 May 2021 23:43:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29053 Wed 12 May 2021 23:37:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27041 Wed 12 May 2021 23:25:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28252 Wed 12 May 2021 22:42:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31965 Wed 12 May 2021 22:25:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27752 0.05) in the PUFA: SFA and n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios between the herded and tethered goats. It was concluded that tethering promoted higher proportions of beneficial PUFAs which were more in TB than LTH muscle. The overall conclusions from the whole study were that goat manure is an important source of GHG with high CH4 being emitted from earth floors of herded goats. High CO2 and N2O are emitted from SF of herded and tethered goats, respectively. There were no major differences in meat quality between herded and tethered goats. However, herding promoted more live weight gain than tethering. On the other hand, tethering promoted more beneficial fatty acids. Therefore depending on the objective of the enterprise, smallholder farmers can safely tether or herd their goats. Further, there is need to develop technologies to harness CH4 from goat manure.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 21:02:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27778 Wed 12 May 2021 20:58:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38669 Wed 12 May 2021 20:55:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39295 Wed 12 May 2021 20:48:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32585 Wed 12 May 2021 20:18:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2061 Wed 12 May 2021 20:13:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28244 Wed 12 May 2021 20:12:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27135 Wed 12 May 2021 19:53:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:923 Wed 12 May 2021 19:49:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39680 Wed 12 May 2021 19:18:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19983 Wed 12 May 2021 19:17:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26370 Wed 12 May 2021 19:14:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39684 Wed 12 May 2021 19:03:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35632 Wed 12 May 2021 18:53:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20002 Wed 12 May 2021 18:53:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20004 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20712 Wed 12 May 2021 18:45:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29188 Wed 12 May 2021 18:38:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27051 Wed 12 May 2021 18:18:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5959 Wed 12 May 2021 18:12:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2076 Wed 12 May 2021 17:34:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20613 500 oC) resulted in a lower rate of reaction and selectivity than when slightly lower temperatures are used (<350 oC) in both reactors, although much difference was noticed in the packed bed flow tubular reactor. Synthesis in the batch reactor needed longer silicon-catalyst activation time, higher pre-heating temperature and higher catalyst amounts as compare to the packed bed flow tubular reactor. Reaction temperature and alcohol flow rate influenced the reaction in both methods. The optimum reaction temperature range and alcohol flow rate was comparable in both reactors (230 to 240 oC) and 0.1mL/min respectively. The effect of alcohol R-group (C1 to C4) on the reaction revealed that conversion and selectivity generally decrease with an increase in carbon chain length in both methods. Ethanol showed highest selectivity (>95% in batch and >97% in flow) and conversion (about 88% in batch and about 64% in flow) as compared to all other alcohols studied showing that it could be the most efficient alkoxylation alcohol for this reaction. Overally, the packed bed flow tubular reactor resulted in higher selectivity to trialkoxysilanes than the batch system. Performing the reaction under pressure resulted in increased conversion but selectivity to the desire trialkoxysilane diminished. Synthesis in a continuous flow falling film tubular reactor was not successful as it resulted in very poor conversion and selectivity. Monosilane was successfully synthesized from the disproportionation of triethoxysilane using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in batch mode. The results obtained from homogeneous catalysis showed that the reaction can be conducted at room temperature. The heterogeneous catalysis method resulted in slow conversion at room temperature but mild heating up to 55 oC greatly improved the reaction. Conducting the reaction under neat conditions produced comparable results to reactions which were carried out using solvents. The disproportionation reaction was best described by the first order kinetic model. The results obtained in this research indicate that the packed bed flow tubular reactor can be utilized with future modifications for continuous flow synthesis of alkoxysilanes as feedstock for the solar-grade silicon production.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:32:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20449 Wed 12 May 2021 17:22:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21155 Wed 12 May 2021 17:20:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29100 Wed 12 May 2021 17:16:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27404 Wed 12 May 2021 17:14:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27754 Wed 12 May 2021 17:11:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30780 Wed 12 May 2021 17:08:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35635 Wed 12 May 2021 16:47:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27786 Wed 12 May 2021 16:45:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29430 Wed 12 May 2021 16:39:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31978 Wed 12 May 2021 16:36:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27137 Wed 12 May 2021 16:30:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27753 Wed 12 May 2021 16:28:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27413 Wed 12 May 2021 16:20:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26564 1 (indicating autochthony). In addition to the tracer and FFG analyses for examining trophic connections between land and river, the bidirectional exchange of organisms between the riparian zone and the river was assessed using floating pyramidal traps (to measure emergence) and pan traps (for infalling invertebrates) placed at different sites in the river and the biomass in each trap was determined. The exchanges were variable over space and time, with emergence peaking in summer (169 to 1402 mg m-2 day-1) and declining in winter (3 to 28 mg m-2 day-1). Similarly, infalling invertebrates increased in summer (413 to 679 mg m-2 day-1) and declined in winter (11 to 220 mg m-2 day-1). Biomass measurements are indications of quantity that ignore nutritional quality, so I determined the bidirectional flow of invertebrates using absolute concentrations of physiologically important biochemical compounds (essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids). The fluxes of emergent and infalling arthropods peaked in summer (emergence = 0.3 to 18 mg m-2 day-1 and terrestrial infall = 0.3 to 3 mg m-2 day-1) and declined in winter (emergence = 0.01 to 0.51 mg m-2 day-1 and terrestrial infall = 0.01 to 0.03 mg m-2 day-1). However, during some seasons, no significant differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid flux in either direction were observed; this finding indicated the balance of reciprocal subsidisation via reciprocal flows of animals. Factors such as air temperature and algal productivity affected the reciprocal flows between adjacent habitats, with algal productivity being positively related to emergence while air temperature was positively correlated to infalling terrestrial invertebrates. This research enhances the growing body of literature on the function of riverine systems and offers some invaluable information on the flow of energy and the role played by invertebrates in translocating nutrients from terrestrial systems to aquatic systems and vice versa. This study unifies the concepts of the RCC and RPM and shows that these concepts are not limited only to large rivers, but are applicable to small southern temperate rivers too. However, some tenets of the theoretical models were challenged. For example, it challenges the proposition by the RCC that the fine particulate organic matter leaked from upstream breakdown of coarse particulate organic matter is predominantly allochthonous. Additionally, this study showed that in the headwaters, the RPM underestimated the role of autochthony. Overall, the results showed that the Kowie River and its riparian area are intrinsically connected. Once we understand the mechanisms controlling connections and subsidies across ecotones, we can then start to predict the consequences of disruptions to these connections by climate change and/or land use changes. To make predictions about future perturbations to rivers and riparian zones, studies like this, which considers the form and magnitude of subsidies, are needed to provide baseline information. Algal resources (e.g. epiphyton), macrophytes, riparian plants, terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms all contributed to aquatic and terrestrial linkages in the Kowie River; therefore, it is important to conserve the different components of these ecosystems.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 16:03:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27104 Wed 12 May 2021 16:01:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27748 Wed 12 May 2021 15:55:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40481 Wed 12 May 2021 15:05:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40662 Wed 12 May 2021 14:55:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40664 Wed 12 May 2021 14:12:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19964 Tue 15 Aug 2023 16:14:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2080 Tue 10 Oct 2023 09:16:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5389 Thu 29 Sep 2022 14:19:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19994 Thu 13 May 2021 14:49:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20677 Thu 13 May 2021 13:21:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4565 Thu 13 May 2021 12:41:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29214 Thu 13 May 2021 12:33:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28423 Thu 13 May 2021 10:40:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2332 Thu 13 May 2021 08:51:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1335 Thu 13 May 2021 08:46:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30708 Thu 13 May 2021 08:08:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26960 Thu 13 May 2021 07:38:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:24530 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29215 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3553 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29940 Thu 13 May 2021 07:23:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29935 Thu 13 May 2021 07:16:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29229 Thu 13 May 2021 07:14:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20913 Thu 13 May 2021 07:13:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3409 Thu 13 May 2021 07:07:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38604 Thu 13 May 2021 07:06:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21036 Thu 13 May 2021 06:54:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26925 Thu 13 May 2021 06:52:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20441 Thu 13 May 2021 06:50:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27445 Thu 13 May 2021 06:29:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19958 Thu 13 May 2021 06:16:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19978 Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26400 Thu 13 May 2021 05:45:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2125 Thu 13 May 2021 05:39:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19973 Thu 13 May 2021 04:49:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20916 Thu 13 May 2021 04:22:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39194 Thu 13 May 2021 03:45:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19972 Thu 13 May 2021 03:43:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35005 Thu 13 May 2021 03:34:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28324 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 03:34:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32570 Thu 13 May 2021 03:18:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21350 Thu 13 May 2021 02:47:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21139 Thu 13 May 2021 02:45:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26434 Thu 13 May 2021 02:40:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21319 Thu 13 May 2021 02:33:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26460 Thu 13 May 2021 02:11:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5385 Thu 13 May 2021 01:52:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26565 Thu 13 May 2021 01:45:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27947 Thu 13 May 2021 01:40:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29077 Thu 13 May 2021 01:21:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28328 Thu 13 May 2021 01:18:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27003 Thu 13 May 2021 01:01:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2069 Thu 13 May 2021 00:57:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29393 Thu 13 May 2021 00:52:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27817 Thu 13 May 2021 00:51:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3407 Thu 13 May 2021 00:12:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19965 Sat 09 Sep 2023 09:32:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19947 Fri 06 Aug 2021 11:40:35 SAST ]]>