https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41962 Wed 26 Oct 2022 16:01:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42922 Wed 19 May 2021 10:55:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38577 Wed 12 Oct 2022 12:44:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37968 Wed 12 May 2021 22:47:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37937 Wed 12 May 2021 20:49:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35540 Wed 12 May 2021 20:16:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37895 Wed 12 May 2021 19:44:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38318 Wed 12 May 2021 19:43:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37810 Wed 12 May 2021 19:28:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37897 Wed 12 May 2021 19:08:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38091 Wed 12 May 2021 18:26:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37907 20-40mm), swimmers, flattened body shape, a preference for temporary attachment, crawling, respiration with aerial/vegetation, possession of breathing tubes, possession of strap or other apparatus for respiration, streamlined body, and a high sensitivity to oxygen depletion. Permanent attachment as an ecological preference associated with LIS was also positively correlated with increasing dissolved oxygen (DO) and was deemed a pollution sensitive ecological preference. The possession of very small body size (<5mm), associated with HIS, was deemed a pollution-tolerant trait and was negatively correlated with DO, confirming the deteriorating state of the urban and urban-agricultural rivers. The impact of urban-forestry pollution on the distribution pattern of macroinvertebrate traits and ecological preferences was also explored in the selected rivers. Traits and ecological preferences such as possession of hard-shell, large body size, and grazing as a feeding preference which were significantly positively associated with the LIS, were also either significantly positively correlated with DO, or significantly negatively correlated with increasing any two of flow velocity, water temperature, BOD5 and nutrient. These traits and ecological preferences were deemed sensitive in forested rivers receiving urban pollution. Further, burrowing, the pupa aquatic stage, and predation which were significantly positively associated with HIS on the RLQ ordination, were also significantly negatively associated with DO. These traits were deemed tolerant of forested systems receiving urban pollution. Multimetric indices (MMI) were developed, validated and applied for urban, urban-agriculture and urban-forested (MMI-urban, MMI-urban-agric and urban-forest) areas. Of the 26 metrics that satisfactorily discriminated between the LIS, the MIS, and the HIS for MMI-urban, only five metric were retained for integration into MMI-urban, they are log VeL, Hemiptera abundance, % Coleoptera + Hemiptera, % Chironomidae + Oligochaeta and Evenness index. Further, of the 18 metrics that satisfactorily discriminated between the LIS, the MIS, and the HIS for MMI-urban-agric, only 12 metrics were retained and nine proved to be redundant. The nine metrics represent different measures; two of them were retained in addition to Chironomidae/Diptera abundance, % Odonata and Oligochaeta richness. The two metrics selected in addition to the hironomidae/Diptera abundance, % Odonata and Oligochaeta richness were the Margalef index and the logarithm of relative abundance of sprawler. For the MMI-urban-forest, 14 metrics satisfactorily discriminated between the LIS, the MIS, and the HIS, and 12 metrics were retained and 11 proved to be redundant. The non-redundant metric was Trichoptera abundance. Three metrics were further selected in addition to the Trichoptera abundance which include % Chironomidae + Oligochaeta, Coleoptera + Hemiptera richness and Shannon diversity. The MMI-urban and MMI-urban-agric indices performed better for LIS designated stations compared to the MIS and HIS deignated stations. The developed indices proved effective as biomonitoring tools for assessing the ecological health of rivers in the urban and urban-agriculture catchments within the Niger Delta. Overall, the results of the macroinvertebrate traits and ecological preferences, and taxonomic approaches showed the strength in the complementarity of both approaches in developing biomonitoring tools for assessing levels of deterioration in riverine systems. The study contributes significantly to understanding the ecology of riverine systems in the Niger Delta, particularly those subject to urban stresses, agricultural activities and urban pollution in forested systems, and thus makes an important contribution to the science and practice of biomonitoring in Nigeria where such studies are sparse.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:31:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38177 Wed 12 May 2021 16:20:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38447 Wed 12 May 2021 16:10:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41336 Wed 12 May 2021 15:11:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41465 Wed 12 May 2021 15:08:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41264 Wed 12 May 2021 15:06:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41376 Wed 12 May 2021 15:04:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41155 Wed 12 May 2021 15:03:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41337 Wed 12 May 2021 15:02:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41920 Wed 12 May 2021 15:01:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42174 Wed 12 May 2021 15:00:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40963 Wed 12 May 2021 14:58:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41441 Wed 12 May 2021 14:56:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41148 Wed 12 May 2021 14:54:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41019 Wed 12 May 2021 14:53:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41296 Wed 12 May 2021 14:52:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41469 Wed 12 May 2021 14:51:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42477 Wed 12 May 2021 14:48:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41276 Wed 12 May 2021 14:47:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42482 Wed 12 May 2021 14:47:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42934 0.5). The model also performed generally well compared to established models that had been previously applied in some of the study catchments. The highest sediment yields recorded per country were 153 t km-2 year-1 (Tsitsa River; South Africa), 90 t km-2 year-1 (Odzi River; Zimbabwe) and 340 t km-2 year-1 (Rio Tanama; Puerto Rico). The results also displayed consistent underestimations of peak sediment yield events, partly attributed to sediment emanating from gullies that are not explicitly accounted for in the WQSED model structure. Furthermore, the calibration process revealed that the WQSED storage model is generally challenging to calibrate. An alternative simpler version of the storage model was easier to calibrate, but the model may still be challenging to apply to catchments where calibration data are not available. The additional evaluation of the WQSED simulated sediment yield rates against observed reservoir sediment rates showed a broad range of differences between the simulated and observed sediment yield rates. Differences between WQSED simulated sediment and observed reservoir sediment ranges from a low of 30% to a high of > 40 times. The large differences were partly attributed to WQSED being limited to simulating suspended sediment from sheet and rill processes, whereas reservoir sediment is generated from more sources that include bedload, channel and gully processes. Nevertheless, the model simulations replicated some of the regional sediment yield patterns and are assumed to represent sheet and rill contributions to reservoir sediment in selected catchments. The outcome of this study is an improved WQSED model that has successfully undergone preliminary testing and evaluation. Therefore, the model is sufficiently complete to be used by independent researchers and water resources managers to simulate erosion and sediment transport. However, the model is best applicable to areas where some observed data or regional information are available to calibrate the storage components and constrain model outputs. The report on potential MUSLE scale dependencies is relevant globally to all studies applying the MUSLE model and, therefore, can improve MUSLE application in future studies. The WQSED model offers a relatively simple, effective and applicable tool that is set to provide information to enhance catchment, land and water resources management in catchments of Africa.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:47:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42950 Wed 12 May 2021 14:46:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41437 Wed 12 May 2021 14:45:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42454 Wed 12 May 2021 14:45:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41446 Wed 12 May 2021 14:43:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41139 Wed 12 May 2021 14:43:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42952 Wed 12 May 2021 14:42:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42485 Wed 12 May 2021 14:40:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41032 Wed 12 May 2021 14:40:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42810 Wed 12 May 2021 14:39:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42198 Wed 12 May 2021 14:30:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42052 Wed 12 May 2021 14:30:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41164 Wed 12 May 2021 14:30:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42847 Wed 12 May 2021 14:24:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42171 Wed 12 May 2021 14:22:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41142 Wed 12 May 2021 14:21:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41029 Wed 12 May 2021 14:19:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42782 Wed 12 May 2021 14:11:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41151 Wed 12 May 2021 14:11:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41506 Wed 12 May 2021 14:11:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41125 Wed 12 May 2021 14:07:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41156 Wed 12 May 2021 14:04:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41010 Wed 12 May 2021 14:00:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41002 Wed 12 May 2021 13:59:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42172 Wed 12 May 2021 13:59:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41938 Wed 12 May 2021 13:58:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41108 Wed 12 May 2021 13:56:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41147 Wed 12 May 2021 13:55:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42474 Wed 12 May 2021 13:51:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42942 Wed 12 May 2021 13:51:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42897 Wed 12 May 2021 13:50:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41470 Wed 12 May 2021 13:50:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42175 Wed 12 May 2021 13:49:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42807 Wed 12 May 2021 13:48:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42939 Wed 12 Jul 2023 08:28:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42790 Tue 25 May 2021 09:30:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42791 Tue 25 May 2021 08:48:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42769 Tue 23 May 2023 11:45:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42798 Tue 18 May 2021 15:55:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42938 Tue 16 Nov 2021 09:37:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42201 Tue 15 Aug 2023 11:29:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42891 Tue 14 Feb 2023 07:55:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42759 10 m depth) and inshore sites (intertidal surf zones). Many sites in the bay, especially the atypical site at Cape Recife, exhibit higher than the average pH levels (>8.04), suggesting that pH variability may be biologically driven. This is further evidenced by high diurnal variability in pH (~0.55 pH units). Although the specific drivers of the high pH variability in Algoa Bay could not be identified, baseline carbonate chemistry conditions were identified, which is necessary information to design and interpret biological experiments. Long-term, continuous monitoring is required to improve understanding of the drivers of pH variability in understudied coastal regions, like Algoa Bay. A local fisheries species, D. capensis, was selected as a model species to assess the impacts of future OA scenarios in Algoa Bay. It was hypothesized that this temperate, coastally distributed species would be adapted to naturally variable pH conditions and thus show some tolerance to low pH, considering that they are exposed to minimum pH levels of 7.77 and fluctuations of up to 0.55 pH units. Laboratory perturbation experiments were used to expose early postflexion stage of D. capensis to a range of pH treatments that were selected based on the measured local variability (~8.0–7.7 pH), as well as future projected OA scenarios (7.6–7.2 pH). Physiological responses were estimated using intermittent flow respirometry by quantifying routine and active metabolic rates as well as relative aerobic scope at each pH treatment. The behavioural responses of the larvae were also assessed at each pH treatment, as activity levels, by measuring swimming distance and speed in video-recording experiments, as well as feeding rates. D. capensis had sufficient physiological capacity to maintain metabolic performance at pH levels as low as 7.27, as evidenced by no changes in any of the measured metabolic rates (routine metabolic rate, active metabolic rate, and relative aerobic scope) after exposure to the range of pH treatments (8.02–7.27). Feeding rates of D. capensis were similarly unaffected by pH treatment. However, it appears that subtle increases in activity level (measured by swimming distance and swimming speed experiments) occur with a decrease in pH. These changes in activity level were a consequence of a change in behaviour rather than metabolic constraints. This study concludes, however, that based on the parameters measured, there is no evidence for survival or fitness related consequences of near future OA on D. capensis. OA research is still in its infancy in South Africa, and the potential impacts of OA to local marine resources has not yet been considered in local policy and resource management strategies. Integrating field monitoring and laboratory perturbation experiments is emerging as best practice in OA research. This is the first known study on the temperate south coast of South Africa to quantify local pH variability and to use this information to evaluate the biological response of a local species using relevant local OA scenarios as treatment levels for current and near future conditions. Research on local conditions in situ and the potential impacts of future OA scenarios on socio-economically valuable species, following the model developed in this study, is necessary to provide national policy makers with relevant scientific data to inform climate change management policies for local resources.]]> Thu 29 Sep 2022 12:42:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38509 Thu 13 May 2021 15:55:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37667 Thu 13 May 2021 10:59:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33249 Thu 13 May 2021 07:39:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38234 Thu 13 May 2021 07:19:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34282 Thu 13 May 2021 07:18:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34163 Thu 13 May 2021 06:59:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27449 Thu 13 May 2021 06:54:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38211 Thu 13 May 2021 06:15:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38554 Thu 13 May 2021 03:02:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35424 Thu 13 May 2021 02:53:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34291 Thu 13 May 2021 02:24:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32315 Thu 13 May 2021 02:16:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38100 Thu 13 May 2021 01:12:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38545 Thu 13 May 2021 00:54:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38215 Thu 13 May 2021 00:25:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:57236 Sun 09 Oct 2022 18:49:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:57234 Sun 09 Oct 2022 18:07:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42937 4. The modeling methods used in the study were artificial neural network (ANN), linear regression (LR) and polynomial functions. The approach taken was to first test the modeling techniques on a single station before expanding the study to cover the regional aspect. The single station modeling was developed based on ionosonde data over Grahamstown. The inputs for the model which related to seasonal variation, diurnal variation, geomagnetic activity and solar activity were considered. For the geomagnetic activity, three indices namely; the symmetric disturbance in the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field (SYM − H), the Auroral Electrojet (AE) index and local geomagnetic index A, were included as inputs. The performance of a single station model revealed that, of the three geomagnetic indices, SYM − H index has the largest contribution of 41% and 54% based on ANN and LR techniques respectively. The average correlation coefficients (R) for both ANN and LR models was 0.8, when validated during the selected storms falling within the period of model development. When validated using storms that fall outside the period of model development, the model gave R values of 0.6 and 0.5 for ANN and LR respectively. In addition, the GPS total electron content (TEC) derived measurements were used to estimate foF2 data. This is because there are more GPS receivers than ionosonde locations and the utilisation of this data increases the spatial coverage of the regional model. The estimation of foF2 from GPS TEC was done at GPS-ionosonde co-locations using polynomial functions. The average R values of 0.69 and 0.65 were obtained between actual and derived _foF2 over the co-locations and other GPS stations respectively. Validation of GPS TEC derived foF2 with RO data over regions out of ionospheric pierce points coverage with respect to ionosonde locations gave R greater than 0.9 for the selected storm period of 4-8 August 2011. The regional storm-time model was then developed based on the ANN technique using the four South African ionosonde stations. The maximum and minimum R values of 0.6 and 0.5 were obtained over ionosonde and GPS locations respectively. This model forms the basis towards the regional ionospheric storm-time index.]]> Mon 31 May 2021 15:12:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41020 Mon 18 Dec 2023 18:00:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42936 Mon 17 May 2021 15:55:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42802 Mon 17 May 2021 12:32:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41490 Mon 17 Apr 2023 11:28:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:57256 Mon 10 Oct 2022 09:43:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42896 Fri 28 May 2021 11:35:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41327 Fri 08 Jul 2022 11:49:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42109 80%. The formulation composition identified was subsequently used for the optimization of the manufacturing parameters viz. sonication time and amplitude, using a Central Composite Design (CCD) . The LC and EE, in vitro CLA release, cytotoxicity, osmolarity, pH, degree of crystallinity and lipid modification, elemental analysis and surface morphology of the optimized batch was investigated and mon itored to ensure that CLA - loaded NLC, of the desirable quality, had been produced. On the day of manufacture the mean PS and PDI of the optimized CLA - loaded NLC formulation adjusted to physiological osmolarity (250 – 450 mOsm/kg) was 461.9 ± 40.16 nm and 0. 523 ± 0.104, respectively. The ZP for the optimized NLC generated on the day of manufacture using HPLC grade water as the dispersion medium was - 20.5 ± 4.82 mV. The pH and osmolarity of the optimized CLA - loaded NLC formulation was 7.76 ± 0.01 and 316 ± iii 2 m Osm/Kg, respectively and the EE was 88.62 ± 0.23 %. The optimized NLC exhibited a decreased crystallinity in comparison to the bulk lipid materials. DSC, WAXS and FT - IR revealed that CLA was molecularly dispersed in the nanocarriers. The optimized CLA - load ed NLC exhibited muco - adhesive properties, when tested under stationary conditions using laser doppler anemometry (LDA). The optimized formulation also exhibited sustained release of CLA over 24 hours during in vitro release testing and CLA release was bes t described using the Baker - Lonsdale model . The cumulative % CLA released over 24 hours was 56.13 ± 0.23% and mass balance analysis revealed 41.38 ± 0.02% CLA had been retained in the NLC. In vitro cytotoxicity testing revealed that the optimized CLA - NLC w ere less cytotoxic to HeLa cells when compared to CLA alone and further confirmed that the lipids and excipients used in these studies were of GRAS status . Stability studies revealed that the EE reduced over 28 days by 14.42% and 5.14% when stored at 4 °C and 22 °C , respectively. In addition, the particle size increased from the nm to μm range for samples stored at 22 °C. The findings are a good starting point but require further optimization to ensure prolongation of stability. In addition , the technology requires additional developmental studies and a powder for reconstitution for use as a single - dose considered as single dose packaging may be a solution to the compromised formulation stability observed in these studies. The CLA - NLC produced in these stu dies exhibit sound product attributes which serve as a useful foundation for the novel delivery of antibiotics to the eye. The results suggest that the optimized NLC have the potential to enhance precorneal retention and increase ocular availability of CLA , which in turn may be useful to reduce the required dose and dosing frequency when administering CLA as a reconstituted solution to treat susceptible organisms that infect ocular tissues.]]> Fri 06 Aug 2021 09:14:42 SAST ]]>