https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28068 Wed 31 May 2023 16:09:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28506 Wed 31 May 2023 15:41:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27797 Wed 31 May 2023 14:45:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38419 Wed 15 May 2024 18:57:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38460 Wed 12 May 2021 23:49:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26603 0.9. The release mechanism was confirmed using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model that revealed that most of the formulations exhibited anomalous transport kinetics with the release exponent, n, ranging from 0.5 Wed 12 May 2021 23:42:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29226 Wed 12 May 2021 23:03:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34073 Wed 12 May 2021 22:53:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28716 Wed 12 May 2021 22:51:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21293 Wed 12 May 2021 22:23:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39507 0.05). The HRAP produced more biomass (317.18±27.76 g/m3) than the AS (83.12±64.91 g/m3), which resulted in a significantly greater downstream production of biogas and fertiliser per volume of effluent treated. According to the LCA, this also resulted in the HRAP system having a higher terrestrial ecotoxicity, due to the greater volume of solids and thus heavy metals applied to the soil. This interpretation can be misleading, because the mass of heavy metals released into the environment is the same for both systems, with a greater portion being applied to the land in the HRAP scenario and discharged into fresh water in the case of AS. Future LCA models should clarify if these biomasses are going to be applied to a single piece of land or multiple sites as this will influence the risk of contamination via pollutant build up in the soil. The application of sludge or algae on soil increased the soil’s sodium concentration and sodium absorption ratio from 774.80±13.66 mg/kg to 952.17±34.89 mg/kg and 2.91±0.04 to 3.53±0.13, respectively. Regulations on the application of algae or sludge on agricultural soils should be altered to consider the limit values for sodium and future LCA’s associated with effluent treatment facilities should incorporate the possibility of soil contamination through sodium build-up. This work also conceptualised the importance of reporting water emissions in wastewater treatment LCA in as much detail as possible, because this had a significant influence on the eutrophication impacts on water systems. Reporting water emissions as total nitrogen underestimated downstream eutrophication impacts compared with those using nitrogen-species concentration (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate etc). A marine eutrophication sensitivity co-efficient should be included in future LCA models which accounts for the probability of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions entering the coastal environment as well as the vulnerability of the marine environment to eutrophication. Activated sludge systems are favourable for situations where space is limited, were there are inadequate options for biomass disposal (biomass not be used in agriculture or AD) and were electricity is generated from a renewable source; whereas, HRAP are more suitable under circumstances where electricity production relies on fossil fuel that carries a high environmental impact and where options are available to use the biomass for economic gain such as biogas and fertiliser production. This thesis contributes towards a zero-waste brewery effluent treated process. The HRAP and AS treated effluent for reuse in the brewery or in agricultural irrigation. The solids were anaerobically digested, and the carbon was recovered as a biogas, while the digestate was applied as an agricultural fertiliser. This allowed for the recovery of water, nutrients and carbon.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 20:28:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29250 Wed 12 May 2021 20:18:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31264 Wed 12 May 2021 19:56:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31127 Wed 12 May 2021 19:34:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37623 Wed 12 May 2021 19:30:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31000 Wed 12 May 2021 19:29:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1354 Wed 12 May 2021 19:21:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30032 Wed 12 May 2021 19:19:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28717 Wed 12 May 2021 19:14:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30762 4. The performance evaluation of MIDAS compared with ANNs to reconstruct storm-time TEC over the African low- and mid-latitude regions showed that MIDAS and ANNs provide comparable results. Their respective mean absolute error (MAE) values were 4.81 and 4.18 TECU. The ANN model was, however, found to perform 24.37 % better than MIDAS at estimating storm-time TEC for low latitudes, while MIDAS is 13.44 % more accurate than ANN for the mid-latitudes. When their performances are compared with the IRI model, both MIDAS and ANN model were found to provide more accurate storm-time TEC reconstructions for the African low- and mid-latitude regions. A comparative study of the performances of EOF, NLRA, ANN, and IRI models to estimate TEC during geomagnetic storm conditions over various latitudes showed that the ANN model is about 10 %, 26 %, and 58 % more accurate than EOF, NLRA, and IRI models, respectively, while EOF was found to perform 15 %, and 44 % better than NLRA and IRI, respectively. It was further found that the NLRA model is 25 % more accurate than the IRI model. We have also investigated for the first time, the role of meridional neutral winds (from the Horizontal Wind Model) to storm-time TEC modelling in the low latitude, northern and southern hemisphere mid-latitude regions of the African sector, based on ANN models. Statistics have shown that the inclusion of the meridional wind velocity in TEC modelling during geomagnetic storms leads to percentage improvements of about 5 % for the low latitude, 10 % and 5 % for the northern and southern hemisphere mid-latitude regions, respectively. High-latitude storm-induced winds and the inter-hemispheric blows of the meridional winds from summer to winter hemisphere have been suggested to be associated with these improvements.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 19:12:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37897 Wed 12 May 2021 19:08:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31390 Wed 12 May 2021 19:07:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30739 Wed 12 May 2021 18:47:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28598 Wed 12 May 2021 18:27:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39025 Wed 12 May 2021 18:11:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30612 Wed 12 May 2021 17:53:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21259 10 kg) carnivores has resulted in a variety of conservation measures being put into practice to prevent extinctions. The establishment of predator-proof fences around protected areas has been a successful tool for reducing human-predator conflict. Furthermore, the re-introduction of large carnivores into small (< 1 000 km²), enclosed reserves has aided in the conservation of many species. Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and lions (Panthera leo) have benefitted from such re-introductions. The re-introduction of cheetahs before lions into the Mountain Zebra National Park (MZNP) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of lions on an already established cheetah population. Spatial data were downloaded remotely from GPS collared individuals (n=4) and cheetah kill data were collected using the GPS cluster method before (2012-2013) and after (2013-2014) the lion (n=3) re-introduction. The same methods were used for lion kill data collection once they had been re-introduced. In general, cheetah home range size did not change after the lion re-introduction. Cheetahs selected areas with a combination of open and closed vegetation covers, while lions selected either open or closed areas of vegetation covers. In addition, as vegetation cover became thicker, the presence of cheetahs decreased. The cheetahs preyed upon seven species before and 11 species after the lion re-introduction. Medium sized prey comprised the bulk of the cheetah diet with kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) being the preferred species both before and after the lion re-introduction. The lion diets consisted of medium to large sized prey, with the male lions selecting eland (Tragelaphus oryx) and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and the lioness selecting red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus). The cheetahs had no significant dietary overlap with the lions and there was only one record of kleptoparasitism. The results of my study indicate that cheetahs are able to co-exist with lions when lions are at low densities in an enclosed reserve. The cheetahs did not experience landscape-level displacement because they made fine-scale adjustments to avoid lions within their environment. This adaptability may have important management implications for future re-introductions of cheetahs into enclosed game reserves.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:37:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:881 Wed 12 May 2021 17:26:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4791 Wed 12 May 2021 16:44:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30609 Wed 12 May 2021 16:17:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28715 Wed 12 May 2021 16:17:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28679 Wed 12 May 2021 16:15:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21281 Wed 12 May 2021 16:15:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38447 Wed 12 May 2021 16:10:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41498 Wed 12 May 2021 15:08:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42472 Wed 12 May 2021 15:04:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41502 Wed 12 May 2021 14:54:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41499 Wed 12 May 2021 14:45:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42204 Wed 12 May 2021 14:45:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41504 Wed 12 May 2021 14:34:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41503 Wed 12 May 2021 14:26:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41506 Wed 12 May 2021 14:11:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42208 Wed 12 May 2021 14:10:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41330 Wed 12 May 2021 14:07:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42200 Wed 12 May 2021 13:53:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41501 Wed 12 May 2021 13:47:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28356 Tue 23 May 2023 12:25:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28195 Tue 23 May 2023 11:29:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28036 Tue 23 May 2023 09:23:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29124 Tue 11 Jul 2023 16:25:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30597 100 km) behaviour, respectively. Further behavioural diversity was observed with ‘resident’, ‘roaming’ and ‘embayment’ contingents identified based on varying levels of affinity to certain habitats. The presence of both resident and migratory individuals within the northernmost study during June and July, combined with available biological information, suggested that area-specific spawning may take place. While PAT, CPUE and CT largely aligned in determining area specific high-area use, results from network analyses and mixed effects models conducted on the PAT data supported the spawning hypothesis, with anomalous behaviour around specific receivers during the spawning season. All fish, regardless of behavioural contingent, displayed similar movement behaviour during the spawning season and this was driven by factors generally associated with reproduction, such as lunar illumination. Interestingly, these drivers were different from those that determined the area specific use of individuals outside of the spawning season. The environmental drivers of longshore migration into the northern study site were identified as a decline in water temperature and shorter day lengths. The results of this study highlight the importance of using a multi-method approach in determining migratory movement behaviour, area specific area use, and stock structure of key fisheries species. The identification of different behavioural contingents highlights the importance of acknowledging individual variation in movement and habitat-use patterns. This is particularly relevant as future climate change and spatiotemporal variation in fishing effort may artificially skew natural selection processes to favour certain behavioural groups. This study also highlighted the importance of scientists forming relationships with resource-users, such as recreational angling lodges in areas where limited research has been conducted. This is particularly relevant within the West African context where little is known about many of the fish species that are being increasingly targeted by tourism angling ventures.]]> Thu 29 Sep 2022 14:25:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28410 Thu 25 May 2023 15:03:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26998 Thu 25 May 2023 13:16:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28489 Thu 25 May 2023 13:00:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28038 Thu 25 May 2023 10:26:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34055 Thu 13 May 2021 10:24:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2520 Thu 13 May 2021 07:14:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38445 Thu 13 May 2021 07:04:10 SAST ]]> 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May 2021 04:20:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29137 Thu 13 May 2021 03:41:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28599 Thu 13 May 2021 03:29:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29207 Thu 13 May 2021 03:15:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2527 Thu 13 May 2021 03:00:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30504 Thu 13 May 2021 02:55:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26764 Thu 13 May 2021 02:18:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38734 Thu 13 May 2021 02:11:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30033 Thu 13 May 2021 01:51:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28555 Thu 13 May 2021 01:46:27 SAST ]]> 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04 Dec 2021 12:43:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38741 Sat 04 Dec 2021 12:41:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39135 Sat 01 Jun 2024 16:48:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28465 Mon 29 May 2023 12:53:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28417 Mon 22 May 2023 15:47:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28062 Mon 22 May 2023 14:58:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28065 Mon 05 Jun 2023 15:41:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28057 Mon 05 Jun 2023 15:06:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28099 Mon 05 Jun 2023 13:28:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ru.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27756 Mon 05 Jun 2023 09:23:18 SAST ]]> 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